Genetic polymorphism of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE), but not angiotensin II type I receptor (ATr1), has a gender‐specific role in panic disorder

Abstract

Aims: Angiotensins were shown to have some role in the development of panic disorder (PD). In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in two angiotensin-related genes, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type I receptor (ATr1), in a sample of Turkish patients with PD and to evaluate their association with PD development. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to analyzeATr1 A1166C polymorphism, and only polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze functional ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in 123 patients with PD and in 169 similarly aged disease-free controls.Results: There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between PD patients and controls for each polymorphism (P > 0.05). Allele frequency of ACE insertion/deletion was borderline statistically significant between the groups (P = 0.055; odds ratio: 1.39; 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.95), and allele frequency of ATr1 A1166C was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.32; odds ratio: 0.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.53-1.22). Conclusion:This study suggests that polymorphisms of ACE I/D and ATr1 A1166C are not associated with risk of PD in Turkish patients. However, in ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism, the insertion allele was found to be more frequent in the male subgroup of patients (c 2 = 4.61, P = 0.032) than in controls, suggesting a potential male-specific role of the less active ACE insertion allele in the pathogenesis of PD.

No major impact of insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

“…The prevalence of the ACE gene polymorphism D allele is 39% in Japanese, 54% in European Caucasian, 56% in American Caucasian, and 60% in African American (27,28) populations. Our population consisted of Turkish Caucasians, and the genotype and allele frequencies found in this study were similar to the previously reported frequencies in Turkish populations (29,30). The D allele frequency has been reported to be 60.1% (29) or 64.0% (30) in healthy Turkish populations.…”

“…Our population consisted of Turkish Caucasians, and the genotype and allele frequencies found in this study were similar to the previously reported frequencies in Turkish populations (29,30). The D allele frequency has been reported to be 60.1% (29) or 64.0% (30) in healthy Turkish populations. We found a D allele frequency of 62.7% in the present study, which appears to be similar to the reported frequencies.…”

Vascular Response to Graded Angiotensin II Infusion in Offspring Subjected to High-Salt Drinking Water during Pregnancy: The Effect of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Urine Output, Endothelial Permeability, and Gender

“…It seems that, among the factors that provide hypertension in offspring from mothers subjected to high-sodium intake during pregnancy, RAS is the main controlling system. Recently, Bayoglu et al demonstrated that angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme [27], AT1R, and AT2R expression altered following maternal high-salt intake. They suggested that high-salt diet during pregnancy affects expression of the renal key elements of RAS in fetus and offspring [28].…”

Relationship between major depressive disorder and ACE gene I/D polymorphism in a Turkish population

“…While it was reported that bipolar disorder was not associated with I/D polymorphism 27 , another study suggested that it was associated with I/D genotype in the Asian race 28 . ACE gene polymorphism was reported not to be related to panic disorder 29,30 , although the frequency of I allele is higher in men than women 31 . Another study stated that there was an association between ACE gene polymorphism and MDD only in female patients 32 , as consistent to our results.…”