Genetic polymorphisms and phylogenetic analyses of the Ü-Tsang Tibetan from Lhasa based on 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci

Abstract

As a result of the expansion of old Tibet on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibetans diverged into three main branches, € U-Tsang, Amdo, and Kham Tibetan. € U-Tsang Tibetans are geographically distributed across the wide central and western portions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau while Lhasa is the central gathering place for Tibetan culture. The AGCU Y30, a 6dye fluorescence kit including 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci, has been validated for its stability and sensitivity in different biomaterials and diverse Chinese populations (Han and other minorities), and widely used in the practical work of forensic science. However, the 30 Y-STR profiling of Tibetan, especially for € U-Tsang Tibetan, were insufficient. We utilized the AGCU Y30 to genotype 577 € U-Tsang Tibetan unrelated males from Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to fill up the full and accurate Y-STR profiles. A total of 552 haplotypes were observed, 536 (97.10%) of which were unique. One hundred and ninety-four alleles were observed at 26 single copy loci and the allelic frequencies ranged from 0.0017 to 0.8180. For the two multi-copy loci DYS385a/b and DYS527a/b, 64 and 36 allelic combinations were observed, respectively. The gene diversity (GD) values ranged from 0.3079 at DYS391 to 0.9142 at DYS385a/b and the overall haplotype diversity (HD) was 0.9998, and its discrimination capacity (DC) was 0.9567. The population genetic analyses demonstrated that Lhasa € U-Tsang Tibetan had close relationships with other Tibetan populations from Tibet and Qinghai, especially with € U-Tsang Tibetan. From the perspective of Y haplogroups, the admixture of the southward Qiang people with dominant haplogroup O-M122 and the northward migrations of the initial settlers of East Asia with haplogroup D-M175 hinted the Sino-Tibetan homologous, thus, we could not ignore the gene flows with other Sino-Tibetan populations, especially for Han Chinese, to characterize the forensic genetic landscape of Tibetan.

Systematic Evaluation of a Novel 6-dye Direct and Multiplex PCR-CE-Based InDel Typing System for Forensic Purposes

“…In general, from the perspective of population genetic analyses, compared with paternal Y-STR genetic markers ( Fan et al, 2018a ; Fan et al, 2018c ; Liu et al, 2020b ; Ding et al, 2020 ; Fan et al, 2021b ; Fan et al, 2021c ; Luo et al, 2021 ), the novel 6-dye direct and multiplex PCR-CE-based typing system also possessed the ability to differentiate intercontinental populations to a certain extent. The UAIS enabled to make the relatively clear distinctions among populations from five intercontinental ancestries, and the Hainan Li group had the close genetic relationships with EAS populations.…”

Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz

“…nonsignificant Mantel test), we observed the imprint of higher frequencies of C2 haplogroups along the southern and western border of Kazakhstan, which corresponds to both the path of the Mongolian invasion and the approximate route of the ancient Silk Road. A broader spatial and temporal analysis of the Y-STR diversity among Kazakh tribes within the context of other groups in Central Asia is needed to further elucidate this dynamic history Abilev et al, 2012, Akerov, 2016, Artykbaev, 2020, Balaganskaya et al, 2011, Balanovsky et al, 2015, Barinova, 2016, Beisenov et al, 2015, Cai et al, 2011, Damba et al, 2018, Derenko et al, 2007, Ding et al, 2020, Herrera and Garcia-Bertrand, 2018, Hollard et al, 2014, Ilumä e et al, 2016, Ismagulov, 1970, Ismagulov, 1982, Jeong et al, 2019, Keyser et al, 2009, Kozhanuly, 2018, Malyarchuk et al, 2010, Meirmans, 2006, Roewer et al, 2013, Sabitov, 2013, Shi et al, 2005, Shi et al, 2013, Wei et al, 2018, Zegura et al, 2004, Zhabagin et al, 2016, Zhabagin et al, 2014, Zhabagin et al, 2020, Zhong et al, 2010…”

Microhaplotype and Y-SNP/STR (MY): A novel MPS-based system for genotype pattern recognition in two-person DNA mixtures

“…The mean values and standard deviations (SDs) of the DoC, N-1 stutter ratio for Y-STRs, and ACR values for MHs were calculated by SAS ® 9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The other relevant forensic parameters were determined as described in our previous studies [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]. A e was calculated using the formula proposed by Kidd et al [100], A e = 1 ∑…”