Genetic polymorphisms as determinants of pesticide toxicity: Recent advances

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Multi-biomarker responses to pesticides in an agricultural population from Central Brazil

“…It is also of particular relevance to the environmental health research to investigate Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in inflammatory genes since SNPs play a critical role in the assessment of the immune response to pesticide exposure, once they can protect or increase the effects of pesticides ( Araoud, 2011 ; Godoy et al, 2019 ; Teodoro et al, 2019 ). Individual susceptibility to develop polymorphisms can be evaluated by a wide range of genetic variations affecting critical genes involved in the metabolism process and DNA repair ( Tabrez et al, 2014 ; Teodoro et al, 2019 ). For instance, the genetic variability in cytokine and microRNA genes may play a role in the risks of pesticide-related disease and can also be used as biomarkers associated with susceptibility ( Gangemi et al, 2016 ; Sisto et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Regarding the metabolism genes, SNPs in cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione transferases (including GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1), acetyltransferases (NAT2), and paraoxonases (mostly PON1) genes have been widely used to evaluate interindividual differences in metabolization and detoxification of pesticides ( Rojas-García et al, 2011 ; Teodoro et al, 2019 ). Additionally, polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, especially those involved in base excision repair, including OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) and XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementation group 1) can be associated with higher risks of pesticide-related diseases.…”

“…Additionally, polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, especially those involved in base excision repair, including OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) and XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementation group 1) can be associated with higher risks of pesticide-related diseases. Moreover, gene variants have also been investigated to understand the differences in susceptibility to pesticide exposure ( Tabrez et al, 2014 ; Teodoro et al, 2019 ).…”

A Mechanistic and Pathophysiological Approach for Stroke Associated with Drugs of Abuse

“…A key role in controlling stroke mortality lies in controlling the so-called modifiable stroke risk factors [3]. There are several risk factors for stroke including age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atheromatosis, thrombophilia, atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, patent foramen ovale or family history of cardiovascular events, hyperhomocysteinemia as well as lifestyle habits, such as low physical activity, obesity, tobacco smoking, poor diet, and alcohol consumption [3,5,6,8,16,17,18]. Controlling blood pressure and blood glucose levels, using statins for elevated blood lipid levels and reducing the use of oral contraceptives, along with lifestyle changes, can drastically reduce the risk for stroke [5].…”

Biomonitoring Pajanan Pestisida Organofosfat pada Pekerja Pertanian

“…21,22 Dari 3 enzim paraoksonase, hanya PON1 yang memiliki aktifitas esterase dan berperan dalam reaksi hidrolisis beberapa jenis pestisida organofosfat diantaranya diazoxon, klorpirifos-oxon dan paraoxon yang berturut-turut merupakan metabolit aktif diazinon, klorpirifos dan paration. 20,23 Hasil dari detoksifikasi OP-oxon oleh PON-1 dapat berupa metabolit spesifik yang siap untuk dieksresikan melalui urin seperti seperti 2-isopropil-4-metil-6-hidroksipirimidin (IMHP); 3,5,6-trikloro-2-piridinol (TCPy); dan p-nitrofenol (PNP) dalam urin yang berturut-turut merupakan metabolit dari diazinon, CPF, dan parathion 15,[24][25][26] [27][28][29] Dalam konteks biomonitoring pajanan, OP sebagai salah satu substansi kimia yang dengan cepat mengalami metabolisme dalam tubuh akan sulit sekali untuk dideteksi baik kadar bahan induknya maupun kadar dalam bentuk oxon. Oleh karenanya biomonitoring pajanan terhadap OP dapat dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi sejumlah metabolit yang umumnya ditemukan dalam urin.…”