Genetic population structure and fungicide resistance of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> in pear orchards in the Western Cape of South Africa

Wessels, Bernard; Linde, Celeste C.; Fourie, Pieter; Mostert, Lizel

doi:10.1111/ppa.12523

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A high level of genotypic diversity was found among the B. cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy, as obtained by other researchers on strains isolated from different hosts in several countries (Karchani‐Balma et al ., ; Fekete et al ., ; Walker, ; Wessels et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Conversely, the vineyard area A, which is completely isolated from the other regions by mountains, showed significant differences with the southern populations for several parameters such as the TE frequencies, higher genetic differentiation, lower gene flow, higher percentages of fludioxonil resistance and different percentages of strains resistant to cyprodinil and fludioxonil. Weak but significant geographical differentiation has also been detected at a regional scale by other authors in Europe (Walker et al ., ) and in Africa (Karchani‐Balma et al ., ; Wessels et al ., ). The mating type ratios, the low clonal fraction and the high genotypic diversity observed in this study, indicate that Lombard populations of B. cinerea could undergo regular recombination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(), as described by Wessels et al . (). The microsatellite Bc6 carries a diagnostic private allele (86 bp) for B. pseudocinerea (Walker et al ., ), which was used to discriminate between the two species, B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Genetic structure and fungicide sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy

et al. 2016

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Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is a disease severely affecting grape production in northern Italy. However, little information is available on the variability of B. cinerea populations associated with grapevine. The mode of reproduction, sensitivity to fungicides, and for the first time in Italy, the genetic structure of B. cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in a northern Italian region are reported. Botrytis cinerea isolates (317) were completely genotyped for six microsatellite loci and characterized for the presence of the transposable elements Boty and Flipper, for the mating type and for resistance to cyprodinil, fludioxonil, boscalid and fenhexamid. All the isolates were found to belong to B. cinerea Group II, indicating the absence of B. pseudocinerea in the investigated areas. The populations possess a high genotypic diversity, different frequencies of transposable elements and a mixed mode of reproduction. At a regional level, B. cinerea populations belong to a large and interconnected pathogen population that includes the major grape-growing districts. The populations were generally sensitive to fungicides, with a low proportion (8%) of isolates resistant to cyprodinil, fludioxonil and boscalid. A small genetic distance was found between B. cinerea populations. However, the populations geographically isolated from the others by a mountain range showed a small but statistically significant genetic differentiation and a different pattern of fungicide resistance. The results show that northern Italian B. cinerea populations possess a high evolutionary potential and adaptive capacity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Genetic structure and fungicide sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy

et al. 2016

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“…Our results also suggest that the environmental reservoirs are probable sources of inoculum. Previous reports of the genetic diversity of B. cinerea from wild plants (e.g., primrose, bramble, dandelion, Hypochaeris radicata , Plantago lanceolata , and Sonchus asper ), illustrated the potential reservoirs of inoculum for crops on wild plants and weeds in agricultural systems (Fournier and Giraud, 2008; Rajaguru and Shaw, 2010; Walker et al, 2015; Wessels et al, 2016), but there have been no studies on non-agricultural sources. Phylogenetic comparisons of strains from crop plants and from environmental substrates presented in this study revealed that strains from crops and from the environment could not be distinguished, thereby supporting the hypothesis that strains from these different sources mix.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Striking Similarities Between Botrytis cinerea From Non-agricultural and From Agricultural Habitats

Bardin¹,

Leyronas²,

Troulet³

et al. 2018

Front. Plant Sci.

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Investigations into life history of microorganisms that cause plant diseases have been limited mostly to contexts where they are in interaction with plants, and with cropped or otherwise managed vegetation. Therefore, knowledge about the diversity of plant pathogens, about potential reservoirs of inoculum and about the processes that contribute to their survival and adaptation is limited to these contexts. The agro-centric perspective of plant pathogen life histories is incoherent with respect to the capacity of many of them to persist as saprophytes on various substrates. In this context we have investigated the ubiquity of the broad host range necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, outside of agricultural settings and have determined if the populations in these natural habitats can be distinguished phenotypically and phylogenetically from populations isolated from diseased crops. Over a period of 5 years, we isolated B. cinerea from 235 samples of various substrates collected in France including rainfall, snowpack, river, and lake water, epilithic biofilms in mountain streams, leaf litter and plant debris, rock surfaces, bird feathers and healthy wild plants from outside of agricultural fields. All substrates except rock surfaces harbored B. cinerea leading us to establish a collection of purified strains that were compared to B. cinerea from diseased tomato, grapes and various other crops in France. Phylogenetic comparisons of 321 strains from crop plants and 100 strains from environmental substrates based on sequences of 9 microsatellite markers revealed that strains from crops and the environment could not be distinguished. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of strains outside of agriculture was just as broad as within agriculture. In tests to determine the aggressiveness of strains on tomato stems, the mean disease severity caused by strains from environmental substrates was statistically identical to the severity of disease caused by strains from tomato, but was significantly greater than the severity caused by strains from grape or other crops. Our results suggest that highly diverse populations of this plant pathogen persist outside of agriculture in association with substrates other than plants and that this part of their life history is compatible with its capacity to maintain its potential as plant pathogen.

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“…S. sclerotiorum populations on different crops in the United States showed prevalent clonality and some evidence of recombination (Aldrich-Wolfe et al 2015;Dunn et al 2017). A high level of genetic diversity but nonrandom mating was observed in B. cinerea populations in California (Ma and Michailides 2005) and South Africa (Wessels et al 2016), suggesting the absence or infrequent sexual reproduction, that was instead supposed to occur in other areas on various hosts, like Hungarian vineyards (Váczy et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mating System in the Brown Rot Pathogens Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena

et al. 2018

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Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena are the most important pathogens responsible for brown rot disease of stone and pome fruits. Information on their mating system and sexual behavior is scant. A mating-type-specific PCR-based assay was developed and applied to 155 Monilinia isolates from 10 countries and 10 different host plants. We showed that single isolates carry only one of two opposite idiomorphs at the MAT1 locus consistent with a heterothallic mating system for all three species. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating types were detected in similar proportions in samples of isolates of each species and hence there do not appear to be genetic obstacles to the occurrence of sexual reproduction in their populations. Inter simple sequence repeat markers suggested that asexual reproduction is prevalent, but that sexual recombination occurs in M. fructicola populations in Italy. The genetic architectures of the MAT1 loci of the three pathogens were analyzed. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs are flanked upstream and downstream by the APN2 and SLA2 genes and resemble those of Botrytis cinerea and other heterothallic fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae. Each idiomorph contains a specific couple of genes, MAT1-1-1 (with alpha-box domain) and MAT1-1-5 in MAT1-1, and MAT1-2-1 (with HMG-box domain) and MAT1-2-10 in MAT1-2. Small gene fragments (dMAT1-1-1 and dMAT1-2-1) from the opposite idiomorph were detected close to their flanking regions. Constitutive expression of the four MAT1 genes during vegetative growth was ascertained by transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq). Antisense transcription of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes and intergenic transcribed regions of the MAT1 locus were detected. These results represent new insights into the mating systems of these three economically-important pathogens which could contribute to improve the knowledge on their population biology.

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Genetic population structure and fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in pear orchards in the Western Cape of South Africa

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Genetic structure and fungicide sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy

Genetic structure and fungicide sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy

Striking Similarities Between Botrytis cinerea From Non-agricultural and From Agricultural Habitats

Mating System in the Brown Rot Pathogens Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, and M. fructigena

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