Genetic progress from 40 years of orchardgrass breeding in North America measured under management-intensive rotational grazing

Abstract

. 2001. Genetic progress from 40 years of orchardgrass breeding in North America measured under management-intensive rotational grazing. Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 713-721. There has been considerable activity in breeding orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars in North America during the latter half of the 20th century. The objective of this study was to determine if genetic improvements in the North American orchardgrass germplasm pool have been realized or can be detected under management intensive grazing. Forty-three orchardgrass cultivars, in three maturity groups, representing adapted North American germplasm and potentially unadapted European germplasm, were evaluated under management-intensive rotational grazing at two locations in the northern USA. Cultivar means varied for apparent preference and this variation was largely due to herbage availability at State College, PA, where grazing pressure was relatively high, but to other factors at Arlington, WI, where grazing pressure was relatively low. North American cultivars tended to have higher net herbage accumulation than European cultivars, corresponding well to differences in forage yield of hay plots. Orchardgrass cultivars that were significantly higher in hay yield than their predecessors showed mixed results with respect to net herbage accumulation under grazing: some increases, some decreases, and some with no change. These results indicate that an individual orchardgrass cultivar can be well adapted to both management systems, only one of the two systems, or neither system. Genetic increases in net herbage accumulation may occur serendipitously, but directed selection for specific traits that confer productivity under grazing, or net herbage accumulation per se, will probably ensure a higher probability of success for an orchardgrass breeding program directed to pastures. ) a fait l'objet de travaux de phytohybridation considérables en Amérique du Nord au cours de la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle. L'étude devait établir si on a réussi à améliorer le matériel génétique nord-américain de l'espèce et si cette amélioration peut être décelée en régime de paissance intensive. Les auteurs ont divisé 43 cultivars de dactyle pelotonné représentant l'adaptation du matériel génétique nord-américain en trois groupes selon leur précocité puis les ont évalués dans un régime rotatif de paissance intensive à deux endroits, dans le nord des États-Unis. La préférence des animaux pour les cultivars varie en moyenne, mais cette variation résultait dans une large mesure de la fourniture d'herbages au State College (Pennsylvanie), où le taux de charge des pâturages était relativement élevé; à Arlington (Wisconsin), où le taux de charge était assez faible, la variation résultait d'autres facteurs. Les cultivars nord-américains se caractérisent par une accumulation nette d'herbages supérieure à celle des cultivars européens, ce qui est cohérent avec l'écart du rendement fourrager sur les parcelles récoltées. Les cultivars produisant significativement plus de ...

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