Genetic Relatedness between Pneumococcal Populations Originating from the Nasopharynx, Adenoid, and Tympanic Cavity of Children with Otitis Media

Tonnaer, E.L.G.M.; Rijkers, Ger T.; Meis, Jacques F.; Klaassen, Corné H. W.; Bogaert, Debby; Hermans, Peter W. M.; Curfs, J.H.A.J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.7.3140-3144.2005

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Additionally, surveillance for changes in the epidemiology of invasive serotypes of pneumococci is crucial to preserving the reductions in the frequency of bacteremia, pneumonia, and otitis media that have followed the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines. Such surveillance is especially important given the reality of capsular switching and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance even in genetically related strains of pneumococci (5,12). We conclude that strains of pneumococci recovered from the blood and respiratory tracts of patients with pneumonia usually (about 90% of the time) have the same PFGE and susceptibility patterns as well as the same serotypes.…”

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confidence: 77%

Genetic Relatedness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Paired Blood and Respiratory Specimens

et al. 2007

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To assess the relatedness of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered concurrently from blood and respiratory tract specimens from patients with pneumonia, we analyzed 24 paired isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. PFGE, serotype, and/or susceptibility patterns were identical for 22 of 24 pairs. Susceptibility results for blood isolates should guide therapy.Streptococcus pneumoniae often colonizes the nasopharynx, and one or more serotypes can be found as normal throat flora in 5 to 10% of adults and 20 to 40% of children (6). However, this microorganism commonly causes community-acquired pneumonia and also is an important cause of more invasive infections, including bacteremia. As many as 25% of untreated patients with pneumococcal pneumonia may also have bacteremia (7). For patients who have both pneumonia and bacteremia, the respiratory isolates may be more resistant due to prior therapy for respiratory tract infections (2, 4).To assess genetic and phenotypic relatedness, we analyzed paired blood and respiratory isolates of S. pneumoniae to determine if they had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile, serotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. In total, 24 pairs of S. pneumoniae isolates recovered concurrently from both blood and respiratory tract cultures between April 1998 and November 2003 were tested. Most of the isolates were from patients at Duke University-affiliated hospitals (23 pairs); 1 pair was from a patient at a nearby hospital. The patients comprised 18 males and 6 females with an age range of 1 month to 73 years. There were 2 pediatric patients (aged 1 month and 6 years), but most (20/24) of the patients were more than 40 years old. The respiratory isolates were obtained by sputum collection (n ϭ 9), endotracheal suction (ETS) (n ϭ 11), bronchial washing (n ϭ 3), and sinus aspiration (n ϭ 1). Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods (10), including alpha-hemolysis on sheep blood agar, Gram staining, and the bile solubility test. Isolates were frozen at Ϫ70°C until further testing.DNA preparation and restriction were done with the BioRad universal module and GenePath group I reagent kit as specified in the manufacturer's package insert (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Briefly, isolates were grown overnight (16 to 18 h) at 37°C on sheep blood agar plates, and colonies were suspended in 1.0 ml of sterile water. This suspension was centrifuged, and the pellet was resuspended in lysis buffer and placed in agarose to form plug molds. The agarose-embedded cells were lysed, after which the DNA was extracted, deproteinized, and restricted with SmaI enzyme. PFGE was performed with the Bio-Rad GenePath system using program 12, which separates DNA in the size range of 25 to 300 kb. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV transillumination. Gels were visually inspected and interpreted by the criteria of Tenover et al. (11).Serotyping was performed by the que...

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confidence: 77%

Genetic Relatedness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Paired Blood and Respiratory Specimens

et al. 2007

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“…Colonisation of the nasopharynx is the source of bacteria that cause AOM (Hotomi et al 2004, Tonnaer et al 2005, and therefore the initiating site for almost all OM phenotypes. Colonisation occurs rapidly after birth, and the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora is established in the first year of life (Garcia-Rodriguez & Fresnadillo Martinez 2002).…”

Section: Evolution Of Nasopharyngeal Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Otitis Media: A Review, and a Model to Explain High Prevalence in Indigenous Populations

Bhutta¹

2015

Human Biology

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Inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) comprises a group of disorders that are highly prevalent in childhood, and indeed are amongst the most common disorders of childhood. Otitis media is also heritable, and has effects on fecundity. This means that otitis media is subject to evolution, yet the evolutionary selection forces that may determine susceptibility to otitis media have never been adequately explored.Here I undertake a critical analysis of evolutionary forces that may determine susceptibility to middle ear inflammation. These forces include those determining function of the middle ear, those affecting host immunity, and those affecting colonization by, and pathogenicity of bacteria. I review existing mathematical evolutionary models of host-pathogen interaction and co-evolution, and apply these to develop a better understanding of the complex evolutionary landscape of middle ear infection and inflammation in humans. This includes an understanding of factors Pre--print version. Visit http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/ after 1 October 2015 to acquire the final version.2 determining the transition between stable evolutionary strategies for host and bacterial pathogens. This understanding will be later applied to analysis of otitis media in indigenous populations.In the second part of this article, I apply the approach of population genetics to devise a new theory for the high prevalence of otitis media in certain indigenous populations: the Australian Aborigine, the Native American, the Inuit, and the Maori.I suggest that high prevalence in such groups may have occurred as a result of colonization of these previously isolated populations by European immigrants in the 15 th and 16 th Centuries. This exposed them to new strains of bacteria to which their immune system had not evolved immunity, perturbing a previously stable hostpathogen co-evolutionary state.

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“…Research has shown a genetic relatedness between pneumococcal populations sampled from middle ear fluid, oropharyngeal swab, and adenoidal biopsy in 80% of children undergoing tube insertion for OME and 90% of children with recurrent acute otitis media [37]. This suggests that pneumococci in middle ear effusions are likely to originate in the nasopharynx, and it proposes a role for the adenoid biofilm in propagating recurrent bouts of acute otitis media and OME.…”

Section: Otitis Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial biofilm in upper respiratory tract infections

Morris

2007

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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The upper respiratory tract is of easy access to pathogens, and although it has evolved a number of defensive barriers to avoid invasion, acute and chronic infections of the ears, nose, and throat are common and present a huge challenge to the healthcare system. Though most infections are viral, mild, and self-limiting, bacterial infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and has potential for life-threatening sequelae. Biofilms form when free-floating planktonic organisms adhere to a surface. Within a polymicrobial, biofilm organisms interact, exchanging metabolites, enzymes, and genetic material. The colony is protected, allowing bacteria to thrive in otherwise unfavorable conditions. A role for the biofilm in upper respiratory tract infections has been proposed because infections often run a persistent, remitting course, samples are sometimes difficult to culture, and resistance to medical management is common. This review presents recently published evidence of bacterial biofilms in established upper respiratory tract infections.

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Genetic Relatedness between Pneumococcal Populations Originating from the Nasopharynx, Adenoid, and Tympanic Cavity of Children with Otitis Media

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Genetic Relatedness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Paired Blood and Respiratory Specimens

Genetic Relatedness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Paired Blood and Respiratory Specimens

Evolution and Otitis Media: A Review, and a Model to Explain High Prevalence in Indigenous Populations

Bacterial biofilm in upper respiratory tract infections

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