Genetic relatedness of Vibrio cholerae isolates within and between households during outbreaks in Dhaka, Bangladesh

George, Christine Marie; Rashid, Mohammad Junaebur; Almeida, Mathieu; Saif‐Ur‐Rahman, K. M.; Monira, Shirajum; Bhuyian, Md Sazzadul Islam; Hasan, Khaled; Mahmud, Toslim; Li, Shan; Brubaker, Jessica; Perin, Jamie; Rahman, Zillur; Mustafiz, Munshi; Sack, David A.; Sack, R. Bradley; Alam, Munirul; Stine, O. Colin

doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4254-9

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Spatiotemporal analyses of cholera in endemic and epidemic settings have instead demonstrated clusters of cases within 200m distances of case-households during the first five days after index cases present with symptoms [48][49][50], and a 100-fold higher risk of household contacts of cases to contract the disease compared to those outside the household [43,[51][52][53][54]. Research on the genomics of cholera transmission has also demonstrated strong phylogenetic similarities among same-household cases [43,[55][56][57][58], and a recent paper found 80% of transmission occurs between people who share a household [55]. Accordingly, faecal-oral transmission of cholera within the household, predominantly through the human-to-human transmission pathway, may far better explain the propagated and explosive nature of cholera outbreaks than community-level transmission from exposure to environmental point sources and environment-to-human transmission [27,29,45,[59][60][61][62].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

et al. 2020

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Introduction Cholera remains a frequent cause of outbreaks globally, particularly in areas with inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. Cholera is spread through faecaloral routes, and studies demonstrate that ingestion of Vibrio cholerae occurs from consuming contaminated food and water, contact with cholera cases and transmission from contaminated environmental point sources. WASH guidelines recommending interventions for the prevention and control of cholera are numerous and vary considerably in their recommendations. To date, there has been no review of practice guidelines used in cholera prevention and control programmes. Methods We systematically searched international agency websites to identify WASH intervention guidelines used in cholera programmes in endemic and epidemic settings. Recommendations listed in the guidelines were extracted, categorised and analysed. Analysis was based on consistency, concordance and recommendations were classified on the basis of whether the interventions targeted within-household or community-level transmission. Results Eight international guidelines were included in this review: three by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), one from a non-profit organisation (NPO), three from multilateral organisations and one from a research institution. There were 95 distinct recommendations identified, and concordance among guidelines was poor to fair. All categories of WASH interventions were

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

et al. 2020

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“…Our results suggest that domestic domain transmission is important, but it is difficult to infer its role relative to public transmission from case-control studies alone. However, other research using different methods, such as cohort designs [103][104][105][106][107], mathematical modelling [17,24,108], non-case-control epidemiological methods [103,109,110], environmental analysis [111] and molecular epidemiology [21,112,113], reinforce the importance of domestic transmission. One cohort study estimated the attributable risk from household transmission to be two to four times greater in magnitude than public transmission over short time scales [103].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and household exposures associated with cholera transmission in case–control studies: a systematic review

Phelps

Simonsen

Jensen

2019

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective Uncertainty persists regarding cholera transmission routes. We conducted a structured review of case–control studies on cholera transmission and provide a qualitative summary of reported exposures in order to inform public health efforts and future cholera research. Methods We searched two electronic databases for published case–control studies that investigated risk factors for cholera and included any publications that did not match our exclusion criteria. From the included studies, we grouped exposures using two parameters, whether transmission domain was public or domestic, and also on the vehicle of transmission. We extracted data on study location, method of case and control inclusion, type of statistical analysis performed and which exposures were included. Additionally, two parallel subgroup analyses were performed. The first included the subgroup of all studies that used culture‐confirmed cholera cases, and the second included the subgroup of all studies employing a multivariate analysis. In the second analysis, we calculated the population attributable risk (PAR). Results Our search yielded 2347 peer‐reviewed publications, of which 65 did not match our exclusion criteria, comprising 69 individual studies. Water‐based exposures were investigated in 97% of these studies, of which 70% found a significant association with cholera infection. Food‐based exposures were investigated in 75% of studies, of which 63% found a significant association with risk of cholera infection. Close personal contact with cholera cases was investigated in 30% of studies, of which 52% found a significant association with risk of cholera infection. Hygiene‐related exposures were investigated in 51% of studies, of which 63% found a significant association with cholera transmission. Among studies that examined at least one exposure related to the domestic domain, 76% found a significant association with cholera infection vs. 71% of studies investigating at least one public domain exposure. The subgroup analyses produced similar results. Conclusions Despite strong evidence for cholera transmission via foodborne‐, hygiene‐, waterborne‐ and close personal contact‐related pathways in both domestic and public domains, we found that non‐waterborne‐related factors are understudied. Future cholera case–control studies would benefit from investigating all transmission vehicles and transmission domains.

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“…Pairwise comparisons were made of the number of allele differences in the five locus genotype (e.g. this would be one if a single locus varied) [ 17 ]. Fisher’s exact, paired t-tests, and permutation tests were computed using SAS (version 9.3) to analyze MLVA data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our recent study found that V . cholerae isolates with the same MLVA genotype had significantly fewer pairwise differences by whole genome sequencing (WGS) compared to isolates with different MLVA genotypes [ 17 ]. This is consistent with findings from Rashid et al which found that isolates closely related by MLVA had significantly fewer nucleotides differences by WGS than isolates distantly related by MLVA [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A prospective cohort study comparing household contact and water Vibrio cholerae isolates in households of cholera patients in rural Bangladesh

et al. 2018

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BackgroundHousehold contacts of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of developing cholera than the general population. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of V. cholerae infections among household contacts of cholera patients in a rural setting in Bangladesh, to identify risk factors for V. cholerae infections among this population, and to investigate transmission pathways of V. cholerae using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA).Methodology/Principal findingsStool from household contacts, source water and stored water samples were collected from cholera patient households on Day 1, 3, 5, and 7 after the presentation of the index patient at a health facility. Two hundred thirty clinical and water V. cholerae isolates were analyzed by MLVA. Thirty seven percent of households had at least one household contact with a V. cholerae infection. Thirteen percent of households had V. cholerae in their water source, and 27% had V. cholerae in stored household drinking water. Household contacts with V. cholerae in their water source had a significantly higher odds of symptomatic cholera (Odds Ratio (OR): 5.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.07, 28.08). Contacts consuming street vended food had a significantly higher odds of a V. cholerae infection (OR: 9.45, 95% CI: 2.14, 41.72). Older age was significantly associated with a lower odds of a V. cholerae infection (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99). Households with both water and clinical V. cholerae-positive samples all had isolates that were closely related by MLVA.Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings emphasize the need for interventions targeting water treatment and food hygiene to reduce V. cholerae infections.

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Genetic relatedness of Vibrio cholerae isolates within and between households during outbreaks in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

Prevention and control of cholera with household and community water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions: A scoping review of current international guidelines

Individual and household exposures associated with cholera transmission in case–control studies: a systematic review

A prospective cohort study comparing household contact and water Vibrio cholerae isolates in households of cholera patients in rural Bangladesh

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