Genetic Sources of Resistance to Blackbird Predation in Sunflower

Parfitt, Dan E.; Fox, G. J.

doi:10.4141/cjps86-003

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Research in rice has also shown that modifications to plant morphology (e.g., awns and long, erect flag leaves) could increase resistance to bird depredation (Avery 1979;Abifarin 1984;Bullard 1988). Classical sunflower breeding techniques have been used to develop bird-resistant hybrids with limited utility, given that traits thought to be resistant to birds such as thick, white, fibrous hulls and increased chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin in the hull are related to unacceptable oil content and agronomic yield (Dolbeer et al 1986;Parfitt and Fox 1986;Mah et al 1990;Mason et al 1991). Although genetic engineering holds potential for corn and rice, regulations for genetically modified sunflower seed are strict due to potential for gene flow between cultivated and wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North America (Burke et al 2002;Cantamutto and Poverene 2007).…”

Section: Evading Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Blackbird Management Research

Klug¹

2017

Ecology and Management of Blackbirds (Icteridae) in North America

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Human society values birds for their intrinsic and aesthetic value as well as the ecosystem services they provide as pollinators, consumers of pests, and distributors of nutrients and seeds (Wenny et al. 2011). At the same time, conflict between birds and humans is an age-old phenomenon that has persisted as society has transformed and the scale of agriculture has expanded (Conover 2002). Managing conflict between birds and agriculture is challenging for many reasons. Foremost, the need to consider both human welfare and conservation of protected bird species is paramount, with nonlethal management methods preferred to lethal measures from societal, economical, and ecological standpoints (Miller 2007; Linz et al. 2015). Second, methods must be effective, practical, and economical for agricultural implementation. Finally, management methods must overcome characteristics that make birds difficult to manage including uncertainty in population estimates, fecundity, mobility, and adaptive behaviors. All challenges are compounded when attempting to establish management methods that fit within modern agricultural practices, while simultaneously supporting conservation efforts to protect wildlife. Labor-saving devices and methodologies resulting from agricultural advances in mechanical, chemical, genetic, and information technologies have facilitated a shift to larger crop fields, a broader range of suitable habitat for a variety of crops, and consolidated farms in North America (MacDonald et al. 20(3). This shift to large. less labor-intensive farms has supported the ability to feed an ever-increasing human population but has complicated the relationship between humans and wildlife. Modern agriculture directly impacts wildlife by altering natural habitat. resulting in the increase of species able to thrive in agricultural landscapes and the decline of species unable to adapt. Thus. agriculture often provides increased carrying capacity for species responsible for 217

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