Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle on Irish farms

O’Brien, Eoin; Garvey, M. B.; Walsh, Cathal; Arkins, Seán; Cullinane, Ann

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.017

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…▲ : Isolates from different clusters, but given the same name. References (I): [21,49,114,115,116]; (II): [41,49]; (III): [117]; (IV): [118]; (V): [119,120]; (VI): [52]; (VII): [21,49,121]; (VIII): [122,123,124,125,126]; (IX): [21]; (X): [127,128,129]; (XI): [21,49,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140]; (XII): [141]; (XIII): [142,143]; (XIV): [144]; (XV): [21,49,52]; (XVI): [145,146]; (XVII): [21,40,147,148,149,150,151,152]; (XVIII): [153]; (XIX): [9,154,155,156]; (XX): [157,158,159,160,161,162]; (XXI): […”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Yeşilbağ

Alpay

Becher

2017

Viruses

208

250

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Yeşilbağ

Alpay

Becher

2017

Viruses

208

250

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“…Genetic diversity of strains in Ireland is limited, with the majority being BVDV-1a (>95% in three studies) followed by BVDV-1b, with single isolates assigned to BVDV-1d and BVDV-1e. There are no reports of BVDV-2 (41)(42)(43). Given that the inactivated vaccines predominantly used in the programme both contain BVDV-1a strains, antigenic divergence between field and vaccine strains should therefore not be an issue.…”

Section: Calf Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Irish Programme to Eradicate Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus—Organization, Challenges, and Progress

Graham

O'Sullivan

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A mandatory national Irish bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) eradication programme, coordinated by Animal Health Ireland, commenced in 2013. Key decisions and programme review are undertaken by a cross-industry Implementation Group (BVDIG) supported by a Technical Working Group. Ear notch tissue is collected from all new-born calves using modified official identity tags, supplemented by additional blood sampling, including for confirmatory testing of calves with initial positive results and testing of their dams. Testing is delivered by private laboratories in conjunction with the National Reference Laboratory, with all results reported to a central database. This database manages key elements of the programme, issuing results to herdowners by short message service messaging supplemented by letters; assigning and exchanging animal-level statuses with government databases of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine to enable legislated restrictions on animal movements; assigning negative herd status based on test results; generating regular reports for programme management and evaluation and providing herd-specific dashboards for a range of users. Legislation supporting the programme has been in place throughout but has not thus far mandated the slaughter of persistently infected (PI) calves. A key challenge in the early years, highlighted by modeling, was the retention of PI animals by some herd owners. This has largely been resolved by measures including graduated financial supports to encourage their early removal, herd-level movement restrictions, ongoing programme communications and the input of private veterinary practitioners (PVPs). A framework for funded investigations by PVPs in positive herds was developed to identify plausible sources of infection, to resolve the status of all animals in the herd and to agree up to three measures to prevent re-introduction of the virus. The prevalence of PI calves in 2013 was 0.66%, within 11.3% of herds, reducing in each subsequent year, to 0.03 and 0.55%, respectively, at the end of 2020. Recent regulatory changes within the European Union for the first time make provision for official approval of national eradication programmes, or recognition of BVD freedom, and planning is underway to seek approval and, in due course, recognition of freedom within this framework by 2023.

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“…This finding contrasts with Guelbenzu‐Gonzalo et al., 10 who found that BVDV‐1a predominated throughout NI. Interestingly, O'Brien et al 9 . found BVDV‐1e to be circulating throughout the Republic of Ireland, with which Enniskillen shares a border.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Clinical signs of acute infection include fever, diarrhoea and reproductive issues. 8,9 Fetuses infected in utero between 30 and 125 days of gestation may be born persistently infected (PI) and, since they shed large quantities of the virus throughout their lives, constitute a significant threat to other animals and disease control. 8 Guelbenzu-Gonzalo et al 10 conducted a genotypic survey of BVDV in cattle in Northern Ireland (NI) from 1999 to 2011, which showed that the genotype BVDV-1a predominated and detected the presence of genotype BVDV-1b for the first time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic analysis of a localised hotspot of Pestivirus A (BVDV‐1) infections in Northern Ireland

McConville,

Allen,

Moyce

et al. 2024

Veterinary Record

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BackgroundBovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is caused by Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B. Northern Ireland (NI) embarked on a compulsory BVD eradication scheme in 2016, which continues to this day, so an understanding of the composition of the pestivirus genotypes in the cattle population of NI is required.MethodsThis molecular epidemiology study employed 5ʹ untranslated region (5ʹUTR) genetic sequencing to examine the pestivirus genotypes circulating in samples taken from a hotspot of BVD outbreaks in the Enniskillen area in 2019.ResultsBovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)‐1e (Pestivirus A) was detected for the first time in Northern Ireland, and at a high frequency, in an infection hotspot in Enniskillen in 2019. There was no evidence of infection with BVDV‐2 (Pestivirus B), Border disease virus (pestivirus D) or HoBi‐like virus/BVDV‐3 (pestivirus H).LimitationsOnly 5ʹUTR sequencing was used, so supplementary sequencing, along with phylogenetic trees that include all BVDV‐1 genotype reference strains, would improve accuracy. Examination of farm locations and animal movement/trade is also required.ConclusionsGenotype BVDV‐1e was found for the first time in Northern Ireland, indicating an increase in the genetic diversity of BVDV‐1, which could have implications for vaccine design and highlights the need for continued pestivirus genotypic surveillance.

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Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle on Irish farms

Cited by 5 publications

References 132 publications

Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

The Irish Programme to Eradicate Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus—Organization, Challenges, and Progress

Genotypic analysis of a localised hotspot of Pestivirus A (BVDV‐1) infections in Northern Ireland

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