Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon

Abstract

South America and especially the Amazon basin is known to be home to some of the most isolated human groups in the world. Here, we report on a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the Waorani from Ecuador, probably the most warlike human population known to date. Seeking to look in more depth at the characterization of the genetic diversity of this Native American tribe, molecular markers from the X and Y chromosomes were also analyzed. Only three different mtDNA haplotypes were detected among the Waorani sample. One of them, assigned to Native American haplogroup A2, accounted for more than 94% of the total diversity of the maternal gene pool. Our results for sex chromosome molecular markers failed to find close genetic kinship between individuals, further emphasizing the low genetic diversity of the mtDNA. Bearing in mind the results obtained for both the analysis of the mtDNA control region and complete mitochondrial genomes, we suggest the existence of a 'Waoranispecific' mtDNA lineage. According to current knowledge on the phylogeny of haplogroup A2, we propose that this lineage could be designated as subhaplogroup A2s. Its wide predominance among the Waorani people might have been conditioned by severe genetic drift episodes resulting from founding events, long-term isolation and a traditionally small population size most likely associated with the striking ethnography of this Amazonian community. In all, the Waorani constitute a fine example of how genetic imprint may mirror ethnopsychology and sociocultural features in human populations.

The Expanded mtDNA Phylogeny of the Franco-Cantabrian Region Upholds the Pre-Neolithic Genetic Substrate of Basques

“…These criteria did not exclude haplotypes identified in other European populations as, for example, haplogroups U6a3a or K1a1b1. Direct sequencing of all 76 complete genomes was carried out as described elsewhere [51]. Briefly, we amplified 15 overlapping fragments encompassing the whole mtDNA genome that were sequenced by using 38 primers.…”

Characterisation of genetic structure of the Mayan population in Guatemala by autosomal STR analysis

“…There is generally a low level of genetic variation in human populations (Excoffier, 2003), but local factors, such as geography and differential settlement, can greatly enhance genetic discontinuity (Cardoso et al, 2012;Dos Santos et al, 2009). STRs are most commonly used in forensics (Butler, 2005); however, these widely distributed and highly mutable elements are also excellent markers for establishing genetic structure, diversity and genetic differentiation within human populations (Sun et al, 2013b).…”

Identification of Whole Mitochondrial Genomes from Venezuela and Implications on Regional Phylogenies in South America

“…Native South American whole mtDNA genomes sequences were compiled from the published literature and database for statistical analysis (Bodner et al 2012;Cardoso et al 2012;de Saint Pierre et al 2012;Fagundes et al 2008;Gómez-Carballa et al 2012;Ingman et al 2000;Kivisild et al 2006;Perego et al 2010;Tamm et al 2007). Sequences were assembled and aligned using Mega 5.2.2 (Tamura et al 2011).…”