Genetic Variability and Life-history Evolution

Hughes, Kimberly A.; Sawby, Ryan

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542022.010

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Although upward and poleward range expansions may counterbalance range retractions at the lowest latitudinal and elevational distributional limits (where range retractions take place), dispersal might be particularly hampered in species from high Andean elevations and extreme Patagonian latitudes, where mountaintops and coastlines set absolute limits on dispersal. Second, persisting range retractions are expected to increase habitat fragmentation, thus increasing risks of population declines caused by genetic crises with high fitness costs, for example via increased inbreeding rates, and hence, reduced heterozygosity and greater inbreeding depression [4], [65]. Third, warming advances toward historically cold areas are expected to facilitate invasions of species from warm areas, resulting in increasing intensity of competition through, for example, resource competition or predation [22], [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictable Variation of Range-Sizes across an Extreme Environmental Gradient in a Lizard Adaptive Radiation: Evolutionary and Ecological Inferences

Pincheira‐Donoso

2011

PLoS ONE

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Large-scale patterns of current species geographic range-size variation reflect historical dynamics of dispersal and provide insights into future consequences under changing environments. Evidence suggests that climate warming exerts major damage on high latitude and elevation organisms, where changes are more severe and available space to disperse tracking historical niches is more limited. Species with longer generations (slower adaptive responses), such as vertebrates, and with restricted distributions (lower genetic diversity, higher inbreeding) in these environments are expected to be particularly threatened by warming crises. However, a well-known macroecological generalization (Rapoport's rule) predicts that species range-sizes increase with increasing latitude-elevation, thus counterbalancing the impact of climate change. Here, I investigate geographic range-size variation across an extreme environmental gradient and as a function of body size, in the prominent Liolaemus lizard adaptive radiation. Conventional and phylogenetic analyses revealed that latitudinal (but not elevational) ranges significantly decrease with increasing latitude-elevation, while body size was unrelated to range-size. Evolutionarily, these results are insightful as they suggest a link between spatial environmental gradients and range-size evolution. However, ecologically, these results suggest that Liolaemus might be increasingly threatened if, as predicted by theory, ranges retract and contract continuously under persisting climate warming, potentially increasing extinction risks at high latitudes and elevations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictable Variation of Range-Sizes across an Extreme Environmental Gradient in a Lizard Adaptive Radiation: Evolutionary and Ecological Inferences

Pincheira‐Donoso

2011

PLoS ONE

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“…In addition, reintroduced populations often are established with a small number of individ-uals, and small populations are more susceptible to demographic stochasticity due to interindividual differences in survival and fecundity (Gilpin and Soulé 1986;Lande 1988). The genetic impacts of small population size may be critical to the successful establishment of a reintroduced population because losses of genetic diversity due to inbreeding and genetic drift may reduce a population's ability to adapt to future environmental challenges (Leberg 1990;Scribner 1993;Hughes and Sawby 2004). Demographic concerns may be very important in defining short-term success for reintroduction programs, but genetic considerations may have a large impact on the long-term viability of reintroduced populations (Allendorf and Leary 1986;Lande 1988;Earnhardt 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Research suggests that this may be accomplished by maximizing the amount of genetic variability present within the reintroduced population (Leberg 1990). Genetic variability provides raw material for adaptation, and populations with high levels of genetic diversity will be buffered against environmental changes to a greater extent than less diverse populations (Meffe 1995;Lacy 1997;Hughes and Sawby 2004). This is especially relevant in fish reintroductions where poststocking mortality may induce a post-reintroduction bottleneck and result in significant losses of genetic variation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic Evaluation of the Lake Sturgeon Reintroduction Program in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers

Drauch

Rhodes

2007

N American J Fish Manag

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Over the past 20 years, there has been a growing awareness of the impact of genetic factors on the success of reintroduction programs for fish and other species. One primary genetic criterion to be considered in the design and implementation of reintroduction programs is the maximization of genetic diversity within reintroduced populations. Reintroduction has become an important management tool for the imperiled lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. However, little published work has evaluated current lake sturgeon reintroduction programs in terms of their ability to transfer genetic diversity from source populations to reintroduced populations. We evaluated the success of an ongoing lake sturgeon reintroduction program based upon its ability to adequately transmit the genetic diversity of the Lake Winnebago source population into reintroduced populations in the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Additionally, a nonreintroduced single year-class from a hatchery population established from the Lake Winnebago stock was included in this study to determine how much of a source population's genetic diversity could be captured in a single stocking event. Reintroduced populations exhibited levels of genetic diversity similar to that of their source population, and estimates of genetic differentiation revealed very little divergence between source and reintroduced population pairs. Significant levels of genetic differentiation between the Lake Winnebago and nonreintroduced hatchery fish, as well as evidence of a bottleneck within the hatchery fish, indicated that the small number of parents used in a single-year stocking event may not adequately exploit a source's available genetic diversity. Therefore, a multiple-year stocking strategy may be most appropriate for lake sturgeon reintroduction programs.

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“…In addition to the uncertainty of the rate of new beneficial mutations, there has been a long and continuous debate on whether adaptive evolution is driven by natural selection acting on new beneficial mutations or on preexisting genetic variation (Haldane 1932;Wright 1932;Fisher 1937;Dobzhansky 1955;Allen 1969;Maynard Smith and Haigh 1974;Hill 1982;Endler 1986;Nei 1987;Lande 1988;Gillespie 1991;Lynch 1996;Li 1997;Barton 1998;Orr and Betancourt 2000;Kim and Stephan 2002;Hughes and Sawby 2004;Woodruff and Zhang 2009). Although there are numerous examples of rapid adaptations in natural populations, in most cases it is difficult to disentangle the effects of new mutations from preexisting genetic variation (Wood and Bishop 1981;Stephens et al 1998;Macnair 1993;Daborn et al 2002;Toma et al 2002;Nachman and Hoekstra 2003;Ferriere et al 2004;Shapiro et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid increase in viability due to new beneficial mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

2009

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It is usually assumed that new beneficial mutations are extremely rare. Yet, few experiments have been performed in multicellular organisms that measure the effect of new beneficial mutations on viability and other measures of fitness. In most experiments, it is difficult to clearly distinguish whether adaptations have occurred due to selection on new beneficial mutations or on preexisting genetic variation. Using a modification of a Dobzhansky and Spassky (Evolution 1:191-216, 1947) assay to study change in viability over generations, we have observed an increase in viability in lines homozygous for the second and third chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster in 6-26 generations due to the occurrence of new beneficial mutations in population sizes of 20, 100 and 1,000. The lines with the lowest initial viability responded the fastest to new beneficial mutations. These results show that new beneficial mutations, along with selection, can quickly increase viability and fitness even in small populations. Hence, new advantageous mutations may play an important role in adaptive evolution in higher organisms.

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Genetic Variability and Life-history Evolution

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Predictable Variation of Range-Sizes across an Extreme Environmental Gradient in a Lizard Adaptive Radiation: Evolutionary and Ecological Inferences

Predictable Variation of Range-Sizes across an Extreme Environmental Gradient in a Lizard Adaptive Radiation: Evolutionary and Ecological Inferences

Genetic Evaluation of the Lake Sturgeon Reintroduction Program in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers

Rapid increase in viability due to new beneficial mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

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