Genetic variants in the FADS gene cluster are associated with arachidonic acid concentrations of human breast milk at 1.5 and 6 mo postpartum and influence the course of milk dodecanoic, tetracosenoic, and trans-9-octadecenoic acid concentrations over the duration of lactation

Lattka, Eva; Rzehak, Peter; Szabó, Éva; Jakobik, Viktoria; Weck, Melanie N.; Weyermann, Maria; Grallert, Harald; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Heinrich, Joachim; Brenner, Hermann; Décsi, Támas; Illig, Thomas; Koletzko, Berthold

doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004515

Cited by 85 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The second limitation is that we were not able to estimate PUFA levels throughout breastfeeding duration, since mature breast milk was not collected in the EDEN study. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies support that PUFA levels vary during the course of lactation, depending on maternal diet and fat storage, as well as genetic determinants of de novo biosynthesis (17)(18)(19)(20). In our analysis, we used PUFA levels in colostrum as a proxy of postnatal PUFA exposure, considering that women with higher levels of a given PUFA in colostrum are likely to remain with higher levels in mature milk compared to their counterparts, as long as they keep on the same type of diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

et al. 2015

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Background: Breastfeeding has been associated with improved cognitive development. This may be explained by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of breast milk, especially long-chain (LC) PUFA that are needed for postnatal brain growth. Methods: Using data from the French EDEN cohort, we aimed to study whether the PUFA content of colostrum may explain observed associations between breastfeeding duration and cognitive scores at 2 and 3 y. A total of 709 breastfed children with available data on PUFA composition of milk were assessed using parent-reported questionnaires for motor and language at 2 y of age, or global cognition at 3 y. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine associations between PUFA levels and child cognitive scores, after controlling for many confounders. results: We found no association between LCPUFA levels in colostrum and child development. However, levels of linoleic acid (LA) were negatively associated with motor and cognitive scores, independently of breastfeeding duration. Children breastfed with the highest levels of LA tended to score closer to the never breastfed children than children breastfed with the lowest levels of LA. conclusion: Our findings suggest that too high levels of LA in colostrum are associated with poorer child development at 2 and 3 y.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

et al. 2015

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“…These long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) accumulate in the brain in abundance from the third trimester to 18 months postpartum and are essential for neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and protection from oxidative stress. [51][52][53] The candidacy of FADS2 as a risk modulator for preterm brain injury is raised because FADS2 gene variants have functional effects on LC-PUFA availability, with minor allele carriage at common SNPs including rs174576 being associated with altered levels of arachidonic acid and docosohexaeneoic acid in phospholipid, serum, and breast milk, [54][55][56][57][58] and FADS2 variants may interact with early dietary exposures to influence childhood IQ. 34,35 We found that minor allele carriage at rs174576 is associated with lower FA in white matter, after controlling for nongenetic confounders.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Common Genetic Variants and Risk of Brain Injury After Preterm Birth

et al. 2014

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“…Breast milk compositions vary with maternal diet, lifestyle, genetic determinants, and the duration of lactation [1,2,3,4,5]. However, little is known whether interindividual differences in human milk composition may induce relevant effects on infant growth and health outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive Weight Gain during Full Breast-Feeding

et al. 2014

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Background: Breast-feeding is considered to offer optimal nutrition for healthy infant growth and development. Observational studies have linked breast-feeding to reduced obesity. Case Observation: We observed an infant who was born macrosomic (4.56 kg) and showed excessive weight gain markedly exceeding the 97th percentile of weight during full breast-feeding. At the age of 4 months, the weight was greater than 11 kg. Clinical evaluation did not reveal any underlying pathology. After the introduction of complementary feeding and hence reduction of the breast milk intake, the excessive weight gain was attenuated and the slope of the percentile curve paralleled upper percentiles. Since this pattern suggested full breast-feeding as the driver of excessive weight gain, we analyzed the human milk composition at the infant age of 1 year and compared the results with published data on composition at this stage of lactation. Results: The milk contents of lactose, fat, fatty acids, polar lipids, carnitine species, and insulin were similar to the reference data. The adiponectin content was increased. The most remarkable alteration was a high milk protein content (mean 1.25 g/dl, reference 0.8 g/dl). Conclusions: A very high protein supply in infancy has been previously shown to increase plasma concentrations of the growth factors insulin and IGF-1, weight gain, and later obesity. We speculate that interindividual variations in human milk adiponectin and protein contents may contribute to modulation of the growth of fully breast-fed infants and in this case may have contributed to excessive weight gain during full breast-feeding. This hypothesis merits being tested in future cohort studies.

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Genetic variants in the FADS gene cluster are associated with arachidonic acid concentrations of human breast milk at 1.5 and 6 mo postpartum and influence the course of milk dodecanoic, tetracosenoic, and trans-9-octadecenoic acid concentrations over the duration of lactation

Abstract: Maternal FADS genotypes are associated with breast-milk AA concentrations and might therefore influence the supply of this FA for children. Furthermore, our data indicate an interrelation between the LC-PUFA pathway and saturated and monounsaturated FAs.

Cited by 85 publications

References 41 publications

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

The association between linoleic acid levels in colostrum and child cognition at 2 and 3 y in the EDEN cohort

Common Genetic Variants and Risk of Brain Injury After Preterm Birth

Excessive Weight Gain during Full Breast-Feeding

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