“…Breeding programs have been successfully implemented for Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, and Pinus massoniana (Toda and Kurinobu, 2002;Xu et al, 2012). For P. pinaster, genetic variation in susceptibility to PWN inoculation was observed in two independent studies (Menéndez-Gutiérrez et al, 2017a;Carrasquinho et al, 2018), in which a moderate family heritability for survival (0.37; Carrasquinho et al, 2018) and mortality (0.59; Menéndez-Gutiérrez et al, 2017a) after inoculation was detected, suggesting that implementation of breeding programs can be valuable. Furthermore, plants without symptoms had very few PWNs when compared to symptomatic plants (Menéndez-Gutiérrez et al, 2017a), suggesting asymptomatic plants were able to control the multiplication of PWN, showing, therefore, true resistance to the parasite (Trudgill, 1991;Woodcock et al, 2018).…”