Genetic variation within and among small isolated populations of Santalum album

Abstract

A combination of directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primes were used to assess the genetic variation within and between three isolated populations of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album). Eleven primers used in this study amplified 65.99 % polymorphic bands. Analysis of molecular variance revealed a high genetic variation among these populations (φ ST = 0.549). There are indications of clonality within the existing Indian sandalwood populations which can be attributed to habitat fragmentation, isolation and vegetative reproduction.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Sandalwood (Santalum Album, L.) in Aceh, Indonesia and It's Essential Oil Characteristics

“…Samples of sandalwood leaves were inserted into a plastic clip containing silica gel with a ratio of 1:20 (n / n). DNA was extracted using a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide method (Dani et al, 2011;Arun Dev et al, 2014). DNA amplification was conducted based on the procedure by William et al (1990) using five selected arbitrary Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to produce sandalwood polymorphic bands.…”

Genetic Differentiation, Mating Systems and Crossability of Three Floral Variants of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) in Gunung Sewu Geopark, Indonesia

“…Sandalwood is a long-lived, yearly flowering perennial of semi-arid and tropical region throughout south-eastern and middle parts of Indonesia. It is a shrub attaining a height of about 12 m and a girth of 10 cm to 30 cm [4,11], mainly vegetatively reproduced by root suckers [3,5,6,11,19], particularly under marginal condition. Generally, sandalwood in Indonesia flowered twice a year: at the beginning of dry season in May to September, and at the beginning of rainy season in November to March; with 4 mo to 5 mo flowering period [20,21].…”

“…Flowers pollinated by insects belong to hymenopterans, lepidopterans and dipterans [16,25]. The previous study showed evidence of dichogamy [21], highly outcrossing rate and self-incompatibility [3,5,11,12]. However, partially self-compatibility has been reported for S. accuminatum [5] and S. album [21,23], particularly under isolated condition.…”

“…Many species showed evidence of genetic structuring, particularly when there are physical barriers to dispersal [1][2][3] and mating constraints [4,5]. Physical barriers may exist UASC Life Sciences 2016 between regions as the presence of natural barriers such as mountains, valleys, cliffs or oceans that lead to the restriction of gene flow [1][2][3] or may also be caused by habitat fragmentation due to anthropogenic disturbances [5,6]. In such a case, genetic differences occurred as a result of different patterns of allele frequency distribution between populations [2].…”

The differences in floral structures of three sandalwood variants in one of Gunung Sewu (Indonesia) population, and their consequences on visitor diversity and visitation rate

“…Its oil is the material of cosmetics, prime source for perfumes and aroma-therapy, and is thought to contain anti-melanoma compounds (Rao et al 2007;da Silva et al 2016). Australia, India, and Indonesia were previously among the main exporters of sandalwood's wood and oil (Angadi 1993;Rao et al 2007), but the population of this species has declined rapidly within the last three decades (Angadi et al 1993;Suma and Balasundaran 2003;Rughkla et al 2006;Rao et al 2007;Dani et al 2011;Indrioko and Ratnaningrum 2015;da Silva et al 2016), and since 2004, Indonesia no longer participates in the worlds' trade of sandalwood (MoF 2012). Considering the significant habitat degradation and loss, this species was first listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species in 1994 (IUCN 1994); in addition, it is protected by national law (MoF 2012; Indrioko and Ratnaningrum 2015).…”