Genetically engineered alteration in the chilling sensitivity of plants

Murata, Norio; Ishizaki-Nishizawa, O.; Higashi, Satoru; Hayashi, Hidenori; Tasaka, Yasushi; Nishida, Ikuo

doi:10.1038/356710a0

Cited by 450 publications

(272 citation statements)

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“…In PG the increased 16:O is associated with the high-melting-point molecular species that contain only saturated or truns-unsaturated fatty acids (Wu and Browse, 1995). The involvement of the highmelting-point PG in mediating low-temperature damage of f u b l plants is in broad agreement with other recent studies in which the fatty acid compositions of chloroplast lipids were altered by transgenic techniques (Murata et al, 1992;Wolter et al, 1992;Moon et al, 1995). Even though these results suggest that increased 16:O in PG (and possibly SL) results in a more severe, low-temperature phenotype than increased 16:O in other membrane lipids, it is nevertheless entirely possible that the physiological effects of these and other reductions in membrane unsaturation are all mediated through inhibition of insertion or assembly of photosystem components in the thylakoid (Somerville, 1995), as discussed above.…”

Section: Comparison With Fad5 a Second Mutant That Contains Lncreasesupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The distinctive changes in physiology and cell ultrastructure that we have observed in fabl plants exposed to 2°C represent a case history that is quite different from those described for other plant lines with altered membrane lipid compositions (Hugly and Somerville, 1992;Murata et al, 1992;Wolter et al, 1992;Miquel et al, 1993). During the first 7 to 10 d at 2°C, we could not distinguish any differences in growth rate, photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics, or leaf cell ultrastructure between fabl plants and wild-type controls.…”

Section: A New Low-temperature Phenotype and Possible Chloroplast Autcontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…One of the most enduring hypotheses in the general area of a plant's susceptibility to chilling stress proposes that the molecular species of chloroplast PG, containing a combination of saturated fatty acids (16:0, 18:0, or 16:l-truns) at both the sn-1 and sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone (high-melting-point PG molecular species), confer chilling sensitivity to plants (Murata and Yamaya, 1984;Murata et al, 1992). Although this hypothesis has been supported by a number of experimental observations, the recent characterization of the Arabidopsis f u b l mutants has provided a counterexample that demonstrates that the high-meltingpoint species of PG can have no more than a contributory effect in inducing chilling sensitivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low-Temperature Damage and Subsequent Recovery of fab1 Mutant Arabidopsis Exposed to 2[deg]C

Lightner

Warwick

et al. 1997

Plant Physiology

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The fabl mutant of Arabidopsis tbaliana, which contains increased levels of saturated fatty acids, was indistinguishable from the wild type when it was grown at 22 or 12°C. During the first 7 to 10 d after transfer to 2"C, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the fabl plants remained indistinguishable from the wild type, with values for the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II decreasing from 0.8 to 0.7 in plants of both lines. Whereas wild-type plants maintained quantum efficiency of photosystem II at approximately 0.7 for at least 35 d at 2"C, this parameter declined rapidly in the mutant after 7 d and reached a value of less than 0.1 after 28 d at 2°C. This decline in photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by reductions in chlorophyll content and the amount of chloroplast glycerolipids per gram of leaf. Electron microscopic examination of leaf samples revealed a rapid and extensive disruption of the thylakoid and chloroplast structure in the mutant, which is interpreted here as a form of selective autophagy. Despite the almost complete loss of photosynthetic function and the destruction of photosynthetic machinery, fabl plants retained a substantial capacity for recovery following transfer to 22°C. These results provide a further demonstration of the importance of chloroplast membrane unsaturation to the proper growth and development of plants at low temperature.A remarkable feature of the chloroplast membranes of higher plants is the high number of double bonds that are found in the lipid acyl chains. Typically, only about 10% of the fatty acids that compose the hydrophobic mid-portion of the thylakoid bilayer lack double bonds altogether, whereas more than 80% have two or more double bonds (Harwood, 1982). The relevance of thylakoid lipid composition to the correct functioning of these membranes in photosynthesis has been the subject of considerable speculation and experimentation, but it is still not well understood (Quinn et al., 1989;Murata and Wada, 1995). 347To investigate the functional significance of chloroplast lipid composition, we have isolated a series of Arabidopsis mutants with specific alterations in leaf lipid composition (Browse and Somerville, 1991;Somerville and Browse, 1991). Five genetic loci have been identified that encode the genes that are involved in lipid-linked fatty acid desaturation of chloroplast lipids (fad4, fad5, fad6, fad7, and fad8).(The first four of these were previously known as f a d A , fadB, fadC, and fadD, respectively.) The actl mutants are deficient in the chloroplast glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Each of these mutants exhibits substantial changes in chloroplast fatty acid composition. For example, thefad5 mutant lacks cis-unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acids because of a deficiency in the desaturation of 16:O on MGD (Kunst et al., 1989a), whereas the fad6 mutant has increased levels of monoenoic fatty acids as a result of a mutation in the chloroplast 16:1/ 18:l desaturase (Browse et al., 1989). However, the m u t a n t s do not exh...

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Section: Comparison With Fad5 a Second Mutant That Contains Lncreasesupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: A New Low-temperature Phenotype and Possible Chloroplast Autcontrasting

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Temperature Damage and Subsequent Recovery of fab1 Mutant Arabidopsis Exposed to 2[deg]C

Lightner

Warwick

et al. 1997

Plant Physiology

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“…For achieving heat ant1 coltl tolerance, the use of heat shock proteins and antifreeze proteins has been discussed (Ilightower et cil., 1991;Murata et al, 1992;Wallis et al, 1997;Grahain et al, 1997).…”

Section: Tolerance Fo Abiotic Str-essesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Transformation in Conifers

Minocha

1999

Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants

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“…Advent of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology methods has opened avenues for tackling issues relating to complex genetic traits. In early 1990s, low temperature tolerant transgenic tobacco plants were raised by over-expressing desaturase gene isolated from Arabidopsis or cucurbits, heralding the beginning of transgenic solution to the problems of abiotic stresses (Murata et al, 1992). During the past 15 years of research (1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007), there have umpteen reports on the production of abiotic stress tolerant transgenic plants (Grover et al, 1998;Grover et al, 1999;Grover et al, 2001a;Grover et al, 2001b;Grover et al, 2003;Kotak et al, 2007;Wahid et al, 2007; see detailed list of other recently published abiotic stress-related reviews at http:://plantstress.com/ FilesPresentations), providing testimony that rDNA approach has great potential in alleviating abiotic stressinduced injuries.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic engineering for heat tolerance in plants

Singh

Grover

2008

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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High temperature tolerance has been genetically engineered in plants mainly by over-expressing the heat shock protein genes or indirectly by altering levels of heat shock transcription factor proteins. Apart from heat shock proteins, thermotolerance has also been altered by elevating levels of osmolytes, increasing levels of cell detoxification enzymes and through altering membrane fluidity. It is suggested that Hsps may be directly implicated in thermotolerance as agents that minimize damage to cell proteins. The other three above approaches leading to thermotolerance in transgenic experiments though operate in their own specific ways but indirectly might be aiding in creation of more reductive and energy-rich cellular environment, thereby minimizing the accumulation of damaged proteins. Intervention in protein metabolism such that accumulation of damaged proteins is minimized thus appears to be the main target for genetically-engineering crops against high temperature stress. High temperature-induced gene expression system is one of the best-studied model systems for analyzing induced gene expression. The molecular basis of heat shock (HS) response was revealed for the first time when Ritossa (1962) reported that temperature elevation brings about altered puffing pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila. Tissieres et al. (1974) for the first time showed that the HS condition results in altered protein profile in the Drosophila cells. Further studies established that nearly all organisms, ranging from bacteria to man, respond to HS by synthesizing a new set of proteins called heat shock proteins (Hsp). The HS system has been investigated in great depth using diverse biological systems including microbes (e.g. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), animals (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens) and plants (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Solanum lycopersicon) species. In recent years, detailed understanding has been gained on various components of the heat shock response (HSR) in living organisms including features like heat shock genes/proteins, heat shock promoters and heat shock elements (HSEs), heat shock factors (HSFs), possible receptors of the heat shock response, signaling components and chromatin remodeling aspects (Grover, 2002, Wahid et al., 2007.Plant scientists have a concern in altering the HS response as high ambient temperature is one of the major constraints in obtaining maximum output from the crop plants. Most crops are affected by daily fluctuations in high day and/or night temperatures. While some stages of plant growth may be more sensitive to high temperature than others, there is an overall reduction in plant performance when temperature is higher than the optimal temperature at specific growth stages. Conventional breeding for high temperature stress tolerance has not been much successful due to several reasons like lack of suitable source of genes in sexuallycompatible gene pools, complex nature of the HS trait, lack of understanding on the genetic mech...

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Genetically engineered alteration in the chilling sensitivity of plants

Cited by 450 publications

References 11 publications

Low-Temperature Damage and Subsequent Recovery of fab1 Mutant Arabidopsis Exposed to 2[deg]C

Low-Temperature Damage and Subsequent Recovery of fab1 Mutant Arabidopsis Exposed to 2[deg]C

Genetic Transformation in Conifers

Genetic engineering for heat tolerance in plants

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