Genetics and Development of an Unstable Chlorophyll Deficiency in Lycopersicon Esculentum

Rick, Charles M.; Thompson, A. E.; Brauer, Oscar

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1959.tb06973.x

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As first noted in the 1950s (Mackinney, Rick & Jenkins 1956; Rick et al . 1959), ghost fruit are generally smaller than normal at all stages of development (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Early suggestions were that these were skin phenotypes due to the accumulation of one or more non‐carotenoid, alkali‐soluble pigments (Mackinney et al . 1956; Rick et al . 1959).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gh mutant arose as a spontaneous recessive mutation in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill (Rick, Thompson & Brauer 1959). Seeds were collected from greenhouse‐grown gh /+tomato (seeds provided by the C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA) and germinated in a growth chamber at 22 °C under continuous ‘low light’ conditions (80 µ E m −1 s −1 ) to promote the recovery of viable (variegated) gh / gh seedlings; higher light intensities generate albino (lethal) seedlings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The GHOST terminal oxidase regulates developmental programming in tomato fruit

Barr

White

Chen

et al. 2004

Plant Cell & Environment

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The tomato ghost and Arabidopsis immutans variegation mutants define orthologous genes for a chloroplast quinol oxidase that bears similarity to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. In this study tomato fruit ripening was used as a model to explore the function of this oxidase. It was found that a lack of GH impacts the biogenesis of chloroplasts and chromoplasts, as well as pericarp tissue morphogenesis, during the ripening process. Most ripening-related genes are expressed normally during gh fruit development, but late in the process there is a specific repression of mRNA accumulation from carotenoid biosynthetic genes, perhaps due to retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signalling pathways mediated by lycopene. Metabolic profiling revealed that wild-type red-ripe fruit accumulate multiple isomers of phytoene, phytofluene, and z z z z -carotene, but that the composition of these isomers is different in ripe gh fruit. Profiling also revealed that there is an enhanced ratio of b b b b -carotene to lycopene in the ripe gh fruit. This explains the orange colour of these fruit, and is consistent with the proposal that the b b b b -cyclization step plays a pivotal role in regulating the partitioning of pathway intermediates. The total carotenoid content of the mutant fruit is significantly higher than normal due to an accumulation of phytoene. Phytoene accumulation, together with an up-regulation of GH transcripts during ripening, supports the notion that GH plays a central role in carotenogenesis in chromoplasts. However, GH mRNAs are also expressed in tissues and organs other than fruit. This is consistent with the possibility that GH mediates quinol oxidation from a variety of pathways that converge on plastoquinol in plastid membranes.

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“…As first noted in the 1950s (Mackinney, Rick & Jenkins 1956; Rick et al . 1959), ghost fruit are generally smaller than normal at all stages of development (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Early suggestions were that these were skin phenotypes due to the accumulation of one or more non‐carotenoid, alkali‐soluble pigments (Mackinney et al . 1956; Rick et al . 1959).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The GHOST terminal oxidase regulates developmental programming in tomato fruit

Barr

White

Chen

et al. 2004

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…IOJAP has no reported effects on development of maize leaf palisade however (Coe et al, 1988), possibly because monocots such as maize do not rely on a plastid-based signal for the final stages of palisade division and cell expansion. The ghost mutant of tomato (Rick et al, 1959) is phenotypically very similar to dag. The effects of the dag mutation suggest that the light stimulation of leaf expansion in dicots works through events occurring in the early stages of chloroplast differentiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DAG, a gene required for chloroplast differentiation and palisade development in Antirrhinum majus.

et al. 1996

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We have identified a mutation at the DAG locus of Antirrhinum majus which blocks the development of chloroplasts to give white leaves with green revertant sectors. The green areas contain normal chloroplasts whereas the white areas have small plastids that resemble proplastids. The cotyledons of dark‐grown dag mutant seedlings have plastids which also resemble proplastids. The palisade cells in the white areas of dag mutant leaves also lack their characteristic columnar shape. The DAG locus was cloned by transposon tagging: DAG encodes a novel protein with a predicted Mr of 26k, which is targeted to the plastids. Cleavage of its predicted transit peptide gives a mature protein of Mr 20k. Screening of databases and analysis of Southern blots gave evidence that DAG belongs to a protein family with homology to several proteins of unknown function from plants. Expression of DAG is required for expression of nuclear genes affecting the chloroplasts, such as CAB and RBCS, and also for expression of the plastidial gene RPOB encoding the plastidial RNA polymerase beta subunit, indicating that it functions very early in chloroplast development.

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“…Rick et al [ 24 ] described ghost ( gh ), an unstable mutant with cotyledons showing partial chlorophyll deficiency and high sensitivity to environmental conditions. In mature plants, leaves are strongly deformed and can be completely devoid of green pigment or display yellow segments containing only 5% chlorophyll.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutation mapping of a variegated EMS tomato reveals an FtsH-like protein precursor potentially causing patches of four phenotype classes in the leaves with distinctive internal morphology

Dechkrong,

Srima,

Sukkhaeng

et al. 2024

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Leaf variegation is an intriguing phenomenon observed in many plant species. However, questions remain on its mechanisms causing patterns of different colours. In this study, we describe a tomato plant detected in an M2 population of EMS mutagenised seeds, showing variegated leaves with sectors of dark green (DG), medium green (MG), light green (LG) hues, and white (WH). Cells and tissues of these classes, along with wild-type tomato plants, were studied by light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We also measured chlorophyll a/b and carotene and quantified the variegation patterns with a machine-learning image analysis tool. We compared the genomes of pooled plants with wild-type-like and mutant phenotypes in a segregating F2 population to reveal candidate genes responsible for the variegation. Results A genetic test demonstrated a recessive nuclear mutation caused the variegated phenotype. Cross-sections displayed distinct anatomy of four-leaf phenotypes, suggesting a stepwise mesophyll degradation. DG sectors showed large spongy layers, MG presented intercellular spaces in palisade layers, and LG displayed deformed palisade cells. Electron photomicrographs of those mesophyll cells demonstrated a gradual breakdown of the chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a/b and carotene were proportionally reduced in the sectors with reduced green pigments, whereas white sectors have hardly any of these pigments. The colour segmentation system based on machine-learning image analysis was able to convert leaf variegation patterns into binary images for quantitative measurements. The bulk segregant analysis of pooled wild-type-like and variegated progeny enabled the identification of SNP and InDels via bioinformatic analysis. The mutation mapping bioinformatic pipeline revealed a region with three candidate genes in chromosome 4, of which the FtsH-like protein precursor (LOC100037730) carries an SNP that we consider the causal variegated phenotype mutation. Phylogenetic analysis shows the candidate is evolutionary closest to the Arabidopsis VAR1. The synonymous mutation created by the SNP generated a miRNA binding site, potentially disrupting the photoprotection mechanism and thylakoid development, resulting in leaf variegation. Conclusion We described the histology, anatomy, physiology, and image analysis of four classes of cell layers and chloroplast degradation in a tomato plant with a variegated phenotype. The genomics and bioinformatics pipeline revealed a VAR1-related FtsH mutant, the first of its kind in tomato variegation phenotypes. The miRNA binding site of the mutated SNP opens the way to future studies on its epigenetic mechanism underlying the variegation.

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Genetics and Development of an Unstable Chlorophyll Deficiency in Lycopersicon Esculentum

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

The GHOST terminal oxidase regulates developmental programming in tomato fruit

The GHOST terminal oxidase regulates developmental programming in tomato fruit

DAG, a gene required for chloroplast differentiation and palisade development in Antirrhinum majus.

Mutation mapping of a variegated EMS tomato reveals an FtsH-like protein precursor potentially causing patches of four phenotype classes in the leaves with distinctive internal morphology

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