Genetics, Environment, and Their Interaction Determine Efficacy of Chemical Defense in Trembling Aspen

Donaldson, Jack R.; Lindroth, Richard L.

doi:10.1890/06-0064

Cited by 122 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Genotype also appears to influence the levels of defensive foliar compounds, such as phenolic glycosides, and thus the susceptibility of the phenotype to defoliating insects (Donaldson and Lindroth, 2007). Similarly, recent work by Stevens and Esser (2009) indicates that there are gender differences in the amounts of two allelochemicals produced relative to growth.…”

Section: Biology and Growthmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Aspen mortality in the Colorado and southern Wyoming Rocky Mountains: Extent, severity, and causal factors

Dudley

Burns

Jacobi

2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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We established 573 random roadside survey plots in stands that contained at least 50% aspen cover type. From these random plots, we found average standing aspen tree mortality ranged from 3.3 to 23.7 % on the four national forests and 11% on the east side of the continental divide and 4 % on the west side. Low elevation stands had significantly less mortality (7%) vs. high elevation (8%). The roadside plot data suggests that Colorado's aspen on these four national forests overall were healthy; mortality rates iii among aspen were fairly low (~3 -8%) among all stems, and average percent live crown among adults was high (~85 -90%), in spite of nearly ubiquitous presence of disease (~97 -99%) and high incidence of insect damage (~50 -75%).We also established 98 aspen stand assessment plots with half of the plots in damaged stands, as defined by U.S.D.A. Forest Service aerial detection surveys (ADS), and half in healthy aspen stands. Damaged stands were defined as those stands with (1) thinning crowns among at least 25% of adult aspen, (2) stands with moderate (<50% of stems) levels of overstory mortality, or (3) stands with high (>50% of stems) levels of overstory mortality. Healthy aspen stands were defined as having (1) a maximum mortality rate of 5 -7% among all aspen, and/or (2) more than 75% of adult aspen with full crowns.Adult aspen in damaged stands tended to be less vigorous, based a health score index from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating less healthy conditions (where 1=0-25% damage; 2 = 25-50% damage; 3 = >50% damage; 4 = recent dead; 5 = >5 years dead).Health scores averaged 1.7 in healthy stands, compared to 2.3 in damaged stands.Saplings in damaged stands tended to be healthier with a score of 1.7, compared to 2.2 in healthy stands. Further, there was no difference in the proportion live or total numbers of saplings per hectare between healthy and damaged stands. The prevalence of damaging organisms, such as Cytospora canker (20% in damaged, 13% in healthy), wood-boring insects (27% in damaged, 10% in healthy), and aspen bark beetles (16% in damaged, 7% in healthy) was considerably greater among damaged stands. Site conditions also influenced the prevalence of some of these damage agents: bark beetles were most common among stands at low elevations (18%, compared to 11% and 6% at moderate iv and high elevations, respectively); Cytospora canker was most common among stands on south-or west-facing aspects (20% and 19%, respectively); both aspen bark beetles and Cytospora canker were also most common among stands in the southernmost section of the survey area, the Pike-San Isabel national forest (41% and 36%). There was no difference in the severity of canker or decay fungal infection between healthy and damaged stands. Cytospora canker infestations were more severe on the Medicine Bow NF compared to the other three national forests, and Marssonina foliar blight infection appeared to be most severe on slope summits, concave sites, and sites with either no to low percent slope or moderately steep sl...

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Section: Biology and Growthmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspen mortality in the Colorado and southern Wyoming Rocky Mountains: Extent, severity, and causal factors

Dudley

Burns

Jacobi

2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Gutbrodt et al, 2011), and other groups of defense compounds. Thus, warming and decreased water availability may alter the dynamics of plant-insect interactions that are influenced by levels of foliar chemical constituents; for example, phenolic glycosides affect gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) feeding on aspen (Donaldson and Lindroth, 2007), terpenoids affect spruce budworms on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii; Nealis and Nault, 2005), and glucosinolates affect cotton leafworms (Spodoperta littoralis) on garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata; Gutbrodt et al, 2011). The consequences of warming and drought stress on host plant quality will likely influence the performance of herbivorous insects, although the magnitude and direction of responses will vary among specialists versus generalists, feeding guilds, and insect species (Koricheva et al, 1998a;Huberty and Denno, 2004;Gutbrodt et al, 2011).…”

Section: Direct and Plant-mediated Climate Change Effects On Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

et al. 2012

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(A.M.T.) Understanding and predicting the impacts of anthropogenically driven climate change on species interactions and ecosystem processes is a critical scientific and societal challenge. Climate change has important ecological consequences for species interactions that occur across multiple trophic levels. In this Update, we broadly examine recent literature focused on disentangling the direct and indirect effects of temperature and water availability on plants, phytophagous insects, and the natural enemies of these insects, with special attention given to forest ecosystems. We highlight the role of temperature in shaping plant and insect metabolism, growth, development, and phenology. Additionally, we address the complexity involved in determining climate-mediated effects on plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions as well as the roles of plant ecophysiological processes in driving both bottom-up and top-down controls. Climate warming may exacerbate plant susceptibility to attack by some insect groups, particularly under reduced water availability. Despite considerable growth in research investigating the effects of climate change on plants and insects, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how temperature and precipitation influence species interactions, particularly with respect to plant defense traits and insect outbreaks. Moreover, a systematic literature review reveals that research efforts to date are highly overrepresented by plant studies and suggests a need for greater attention to plant-insect and multitrophic level interactions. Understanding the role of climatic variability and change on such interactions will provide further insight into links between abiotic and biotic drivers of community-and ecosystem-level processes.Anthropogenic activities have led to rapid and unprecedented increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases, which in turn have resulted in numerous observable climatic changes, such as elevated temperature, increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events (e.g. heat waves and droughts), and altered precipitation patterns (e.g. decreased snow cover) (National Research Council, 2010). Species are responding to these climate change factors, as demonstrated by shifts in phenology (the timing of key biological and life history events), biogeographic ranges, and ecological interactions (Bale et al., 2002;Parmesan and Yohe, 2003;Hegland et al., 2009;Robinson et al., 2012). In this Update, we review and discuss the consequences of climate change on plant-insect and multitrophic interactions. Specifically, we address the direct and indirect effects of climate warming and altered precipitation patterns on plants, phytophagous insects, and higher trophic level organisms. We focus on these two components of climate change, firstly, because temperature is the abiotic factor that most directly influences insects (Bale et al., 2002), and secondly, because water availability plays a prominent role in mediating plant-insect interactions (Mattso...

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“…Secondary nectar release from Ptr was observed in response to the invasion of phloem-feeding insects. Poplar species are known to have several direct defense mechanisms against herbivores, like the production of condensed tannins, phenolic glycosides, and salicortin (Hwang and Lindroth, 1998;Osier et al, 2000;Donaldson and Lindroth, 2007). Direct and indirect defenses are costly.…”

Section: Appearance Of Nectaries and Nectarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Escalante-Pérez

Jaborsky

Lautner³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula 3 Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.

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Genetics, Environment, and Their Interaction Determine Efficacy of Chemical Defense in Trembling Aspen

Cited by 122 publications

References 49 publications

Aspen mortality in the Colorado and southern Wyoming Rocky Mountains: Extent, severity, and causal factors

Aspen mortality in the Colorado and southern Wyoming Rocky Mountains: Extent, severity, and causal factors

Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

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