Genetics of Coat Color in Cattle

Schmutz, S. M.

doi:10.1002/9781118301739.ch3

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…No known associated gene. Most domestic cattle are horned but Angus and Murray Grey breeds are exclusively polled and the POLLED locus segregates in other breeds. MC1-R BTA18 14.75 MbpThe main determinant of coat colour in cattle [20]. Two identified alleles: E D (p.L99P) which produces a black coat; and e (inducing a premature stop codon) which is recessive produces a red coat when homozygous [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection for complex traits leaves little or no classic signatures of selection

et al. 2014

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BackgroundSelection signatures aim to identify genomic regions underlying recent adaptations in populations. However, the effects of selection in the genome are difficult to distinguish from random processes, such as genetic drift. Often associations between selection signatures and selected variants for complex traits is assumed even though this is rarely (if ever) tested. In this paper, we use 8 breeds of domestic cattle under strong artificial selection to investigate if selection signatures are co-located in genomic regions which are likely to be under selection.ResultsOur approaches to identify selection signatures (haplotype heterozygosity, integrated haplotype score and FST) identified strong and recent selection near many loci with mutations affecting simple traits under strong selection, such as coat colour. However, there was little evidence for a genome-wide association between strong selection signatures and regions affecting complex traits under selection, such as milk yield in dairy cattle. Even identifying selection signatures near some major loci was hindered by factors including allelic heterogeneity, selection for ancestral alleles and interactions with nearby selected loci.ConclusionsSelection signatures detect loci with large effects under strong selection. However, the methodology is often assumed to also detect loci affecting complex traits where the selection pressure at an individual locus is weak. We present empirical evidence to suggests little discernible ‘selection signature’ for complex traits in the genome of dairy cattle despite very strong and recent artificial selection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-246) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection for complex traits leaves little or no classic signatures of selection

et al. 2014

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“…Almost 90 years ago, evidence was reported supporting a series of multiple alleles at the locus for spotting ( S ), including dominant white spotting explaining the pattern in Hereford cattle ( S H ) (Ibsen ; OMIA 000209‐9913). A white face, a white stripe running from the back of the head to the withers, and white legs and underside characterizes a typical Hereford animal (Schmutz ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A complex structural variant at the KIT locus in cattle with the Pinzgauer spotting pattern

et al. 2019

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A specific white spotting phenotype, termed finching or line-backed spotting, is known for all Pinzgauer cattle and occurs occasionally in Tux-Zillertaler cattle, two Austrian breeds. The so-called Pinzgauer spotting is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait. A genome-wide association study using 27 white spotted and 16 solid-coloured Tux-Zillertaler cattle, based on 777k SNP data, revealed a strong signal on chromosome 6 at the KIT locus. Haplotype analyses defined a critical interval of 122 kb downstream of the KIT coding region. Whole-genome sequencing of a Pinzgauer cattle and comparison to 338 control genomes revealed a complex structural variant consisting of a 9.4-kb deletion and an inversely inserted duplication of 1.5 kb fused to a 310-kb duplicated segment from chromosome 4. A diagnostic PCR was developed for straightforward genotyping of carriers for this structural variant (KIT PINZ ) and confirmed that the variant allele was present in all Pinzgauer and most of the white spotted Tux-Zillertaler cattle. In addition, we detected the variant in all Slovenian Cika, British Gloucester and Spanish Berrenda en negro cattle with similar spotting patterns. Interestingly, the KIT PINZ variant occurs in some white spotted animals of the Swiss breeds Evol ener and Eringer. The introgression of the KIT PINZ variant confirms admixture and the reported historical relationship of these short-headed breeds with Austrian Tux-Zillertaler and suggests a mutation event, occurring before breed formation.

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“…Sex and barn were found to have significant effects on the color measurements, together accounting for 32.4% of the variance of L* and somewhat lower proportions (22.4–26.7%) for the other color traits. According to Schmutz (), cattle may get darker with age. In our data, this effect was not significant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic regions influencing coat color saturation and facial markings in Fleckvieh cattle

et al. 2014

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Genomic regions associated with coat color and pigmented areas of the head were identified for Fleckvieh (dual-purpose Simmental), a red-spotted and white-headed cattle breed. Coat color was measured with a chromameter, implementing the CIELAB color space and resulting in numerical representation of lightness, color intensity, red/green and blue/yellow color components, rather than subjective classification. Single marker regression analyses with fixed effects of the sex and barn were applied, and significant regions were determined with the local false discovery rate methodology. The PMEL and ERBB3 genes on chromosome 5 were in the most significant region for the color measurements. In addition to the blue/yellow color component and color intensity, the AP3B2 gene on chromosome 21 was identified. Its function was confirmed for similar traits in a range of model species. The KIT gene on chromosome 6 was found to be strongly associated with the inhibition of circum-ocular pigmentation and pigmented spots on the cheek.

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Genetics of Coat Color in Cattle

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Selection for complex traits leaves little or no classic signatures of selection

Selection for complex traits leaves little or no classic signatures of selection

A complex structural variant at the KIT locus in cattle with the Pinzgauer spotting pattern

Genomic regions influencing coat color saturation and facial markings in Fleckvieh cattle

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