Genetics of
            <i>Coxiella Burnetii</i>
            : On the Path of Specialization

Minnick, Michael F.; Raghavan, Rahul

doi:10.2217/fmb.11.116

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Within the macrophage, a high‐density mixture of LCVs and SCVs exists in the parasitophorous vacuole (Minnick and Raghavan ). The LCV is very fragile (Minnick and Raghavan ). While the long survival of C. burnetii infectivity in milk (Combiescu et al .…”

Section: Properties Of the Coxiella Burnetii Organism With Relevance mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Macrophages occur in bovine milk (Paape et al 2003). Within the macrophage, a high-density mixture of LCVs and SCVs exists in the parasitophorous vacuole (Minnick and Raghavan 2011). The LCV is very fragile (Minnick and Raghavan 2011).…”

Section: The Unit Of Coxiella Burnetii Infectivity In Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the macrophage, a high-density mixture of LCVs and SCVs exists in the parasitophorous vacuole (Minnick and Raghavan 2011). The LCV is very fragile (Minnick and Raghavan 2011). While the long survival of C. burnetii infectivity in milk (Combiescu et al 1953;Zubkova 1957) supports the case for SCVs being present in milk, there is no information on the relative proportions of LCV to SCV in macrophages in fresh milk.…”

Section: The Unit Of Coxiella Burnetii Infectivity In Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Q fever through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products - a risk profile and exposure assessment

et al. 2015

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Summary Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii which is endemic in cattle, sheep and goats in much of the world, including the United Kingdom (UK). There is some epidemiological evidence that a small proportion of cases in the developed world may arise from consumption of unpasteurised milk with less evidence for milk products such as cheese. Long maturation at low pH may give some inactivation in hard cheese, and viable C. burnetii are rarely detected in unpasteurised cheese compared to unpasteurised milk. Simulations presented here predict that the probability of exposure per person to one or more C. burnetii through the daily cumulative consumption of raw milk in the UK is 0·4203. For those positive exposures, the average level of exposure predicted is high at 1266 guinea pig intraperitoneal infectious dose 50% units (GP_IP_ID50) per person per day. However, in the absence of human dose–response data, the case is made that the GP_IP_ID50 unit represents a very low risk through the oral route. The available evidence suggests that the risks from C. burnetii through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products (including cheese) are not negligible but they are lower in comparison to transmission via inhalation of aerosols from parturient products and livestock contact.

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Section: Properties Of the Coxiella Burnetii Organism With Relevance mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Unit Of Coxiella Burnetii Infectivity In Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Unit Of Coxiella Burnetii Infectivity In Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Q fever through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products - a risk profile and exposure assessment

et al. 2015

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“…Its causal agent remained enigmatic for a brief period, then was identified and named C. burnetii [ 1 ]. Based on recent phylogenetic studies, this agent was found to be closely related to Legionella and no longer regarded as Rickettsia [ 2 ]. In addition to man, C. burnetii is adapted to several animal species primarily including sheep and goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional study for determining the prevalence of Q fever in small ruminants and humans at El Minya Governorate, Egypt

et al. 2017

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ObjectiveQ fever is a febrile illness caused by the bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) and is transmitted to humans from small ruminants via contaminated secreta and excreta of infected animals. This pathogen threatens public health; however, little is known regarding Q fever prevalence in humans and small ruminants. Therefore, we employed a cross-sectional design to determine the Q fever seroprevalence and the associated risk factors in small ruminants and their owners in El Minya Governorate, Egypt between August 2016 and January 2017.ResultsThe seroprevalence of C. burnetii IgG antibodies was 25.68% (28 of 109), 28.20% (11 of 39) and 25.71% (9 of 35) in sheep, goats, and humans, respectively. None of the studied variables in small ruminants differed significantly between the seropositive and seronegative animals. There was a significantly higher prevalence (P = 0.0435) and increased odds of exposure was also observed among women (odds ratio, OR = 5.43 (95% CI 1.058–27.84) when compared to men; nevertheless, no significant difference was noted between the infection rate in small ruminants and humans. This study clearly points out that Q fever may be emerging in the area which lay the foundation for early prediction and better management of possible future outbreaks.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2868-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…However, some missing genes appear to be important in contemporary pathogen–host relationships, indicating functional redundancies. For example, ankyrin repeat domains may be involved with ensuring a stable replication niche during infections (Voth et al 2009), LuxR—family regulators thought to control growth within a host (Minnick and Raghavan 2011) and OmpA-like transmembrane domain proteins known to be immunoreactive (Beare et al 2008). Although the genes missing from different clades vary (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Outgroups Fail; Phylogenomics of Rooting the Emerging Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii

et al. 2013

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Rooting phylogenies is critical for understanding evolution, yet the importance, intricacies and difficulties of rooting are often overlooked. For rooting, polymorphic characters among the group of interest (ingroup) must be compared to those of a relative (outgroup) that diverged before the last common ancestor (LCA) of the ingroup. Problems arise if an outgroup does not exist, is unknown, or is so distant that few characters are shared, in which case duplicated genes originating before the LCA can be used as proxy outgroups to root diverse phylogenies. Here, we describe a genome-wide expansion of this technique that can be used to solve problems at the other end of the evolutionary scale: where ingroup individuals are all very closely related to each other, but the next closest relative is very distant. We used shared orthologous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 10 whole genome sequences of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in humans, to create a robust, but unrooted phylogeny. To maximize the number of characters informative about the rooting, we searched entire genomes for polymorphic duplicated regions where orthologs of each paralog could be identified so that the paralogs could be used to root the tree. Recent radiations, such as those of emerging pathogens, often pose rooting challenges due to a lack of ingroup variation and large genomic differences with known outgroups. Using a phylogenomic approach, we created a robust, rooted phylogeny for C. burnetii. [Coxiella burnetii; paralog SNPs; pathogen evolution; phylogeny; recent radiation; root; rooting using duplicated genes.]

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Genetics of Coxiella Burnetii : On the Path of Specialization

Cited by 15 publications

References 99 publications

Q fever through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products - a risk profile and exposure assessment

Q fever through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products - a risk profile and exposure assessment

Cross-sectional study for determining the prevalence of Q fever in small ruminants and humans at El Minya Governorate, Egypt

When Outgroups Fail; Phylogenomics of Rooting the Emerging Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii

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