Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian and Global Population: A Review

Abstract

Background Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and diabetes contribute to the majority of deaths in India. Public health programmes on non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevention primarily target the behavioural risk factors of the population. Hereditary is known as a risk factor for most NCDs, specifically, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hence, understanding of the genetic markers of T2DM may facilitate prevention, early case detection and management. Main body We reviewed the studies that explored marker–trait association with type 2 diabetes mellitus globally, with emphasis on India. Globally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7903146 of Transcription Factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene was common, though there were alleles that were unique to specific populations. Within India, the state-wise data were also taken to foresee the distribution of risk/susceptible alleles. The findings from India showcased the common and unique alleles for each region. Conclusion Exploring the known and unknown genetic determinants might assist in risk prediction before the onset of behavioural risk factors and deploy prevention measures. Most studies were conducted in non-representative groups with inherent limitations such as smaller sample size or looking into only specific marker–trait associations. Genome-wide association studies using data from extensive prospective studies are required in highly prevalent regions worldwide. Further research is required to understand the singular effect and the interaction of genes in predicting diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities.

Role of Triglyceride to High Density Lipoprotein (TG/HDL) Ratio as A Marker of Insulin Resistance in Adults of Central India: A Narrative Review

“…This genetic diversity enhances the population's susceptibility to diabetes. 31 Environmental Factors and Urbanization: Rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization in India have led to changes in lifestyle. Factors such as altered diet, reduced physical activity, and higher income contribute to the increase in the incidence of diabetes.…”

Genome-wide polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes in Indian population

“…In addition to that, genetics also plays a major role in increasing the prevalence of the disease. Several studies indicate that South Asians, in particular Asian Indians, are more susceptible to insulin resistance compared to other ethnic groups 2 , 4 , 5 . Even the migrant Indians living in different parts of the world were found to have higher diabetes rates 6 , 7 .…”

Is COVID-19 incriminated in new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lebanese adults?

“…In Lebanon, as of March 2, 2023, there were 1,232,063 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with 10,832 deaths (0.87% of total confirmed cases) [18]. Previous studies showed a positive link between COVID-19 infection and new-onset diabetes [19,20]. Since no previous studies tackling this topic were conducted in Lebanon, and little is known from an endocrinological point of view [12], the aim of this study was to identify a possible association between COVID-19 infection and new onset diabetes in a sample of Lebanese adults.…”