Genital mycoplasmas of healthy bitches

Maksimović, Zinka; Maksimović, Alan; Halilbašić, Anis; Rifatbegović, Maid

doi:10.1177/1040638718778745

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…[27,29,30] has been reported in 30 to 88% of the samples of bitches without reproductive problems. Mycoplasma isolates from the vaginas of healthy bitches did not vary during the various stages of the estrous cycle [31]. Rarely anaerobic bacteria were found in healthy bitches, such as Bacteroides spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

Antonov

2019

JAMB

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The vagina is not only a place for the development of various microorganisms, but also serves as a border before reaching the uterus of all mammals. Determining the qualitative and quantitative specifics of vaginal bacterial flora is of great importance for a better understanding of genital pathology mechanism, clinical diagnosis, management and antibiotic treatment of reproductive diseases in the bitch.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

Antonov

2019

JAMB

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“…culturing is quite complicated and labor-intensive [ 38 ]; routine culturing and identification of these microorganisms is often not performed but rather replaced by PCR analysis (also in the laboratories providing data). Due to their (negative) “popularity” among breeders, their potential role in urogenital tract infections and infertility [ 13 , 39 , 40 ], but also due to the fact that Mycoplasma spp. are common inhabitants of the vaginal flora of the bitch [ 7 , 13 , 39 , 40 ], further research is of particular interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their (negative) “popularity” among breeders, their potential role in urogenital tract infections and infertility [ 13 , 39 , 40 ], but also due to the fact that Mycoplasma spp. are common inhabitants of the vaginal flora of the bitch [ 7 , 13 , 39 , 40 ], further research is of particular interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Canine Vaginal Flora: A Large-Cohort Retrospective Study

Leps,

Klein,

Schneider

et al. 2024

Veterinary Sciences

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Microbiological examinations are frequently performed as part of breeding management examinations in the bitch, but also in case of (suspected) reproductive tract problems. As most bacteria are opportunistic pathogens, evaluation of bacterial findings is challenging for veterinarians. Besides, breeders might request antimicrobial treatment in breeding bitches, fearing conception failure—even without medical indication. Considering the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance, gaining deeper insights into the bacterial findings from the vagina of healthy and (suspected) reproductive-diseased bitches might contribute to the knowledge of the canine aerobic vaginal flora and consequently improve the responsible use of antibiotics. We analyzed results from bacteriological cultures of 23,254 vaginal swabs sent in to three commercial laboratories in Germany between 2015 and 2021, where standard aerobic microbiological examination was carried out. We found a variety of 319 bacterial species that mostly grew in mixed cultures of two or more bacterial species. Commonly found species were Escherichia coli, beta-hemolytic Streptococci, coagulase-positive Staphylococci, Pasteurellales, and aerobic sporulators, as well as other Streptococcus spp. Our results showed a large diversity of the canine vaginal flora in healthy and (suspected) reproductive-diseased bitches. They largely support earlier findings of small studies on the physiological canine vaginal flora, emphasizing that solely the results of a bacterial evaluation should not be the base for antimicrobial treatment. Instead, bacterial findings should be evaluated with the results of a clinical gynecological examination.

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“…occur on mucosal surfaces in both humans and dogs. Previous studies have described their effect on pelvic diseases in women, 84 , 85 reproductive tract of female canines, 86 respiratory tract in dogs, 36 and fertility in men. 69 , 49 In these studies, bacteria were detected in both healthy and diseased study participants; consequently, the impact of Mycoplasma remains unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of Mycoplasma species on human and canine semen quality: a review

Domrazek

Kaszak

Kanafa

et al. 2022

Asian Journal of Andrology

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Mycoplasma species (spp.) are bacteria that are difficult to detect. Currently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the most effective diagnostic tool to detect these microorganisms in both human and veterinary medicine. There are 13 known species of human Mycoplasma and 15 species of canine Mycoplasma . Owing to the difficulties in identifying the individual species of Mycoplasma , there is a lack of information regarding which species are saprophytic and which are pathogenic. The prevalence of the individual species is also unknown. In addition, in both humans and dogs, the results of some studies on the impact of Mycoplasma are conflicting. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. on the epithelium of reproductive tract is often associated with infertility, although they are also detected in healthy individuals. The occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. is more common in dogs (even 89%) than in humans (1.3%–4%). This is probably because the pH of a dog’s genital is more conducive to the growth of Mycoplasma spp. than that of humans. Phylogenetically, human and canine Mycoplasma are related, and majority of them belong to the same taxonomic group. Furthermore, 40% of canine Mycoplasma spp. are placed in common clusters with those of human. This suggests that species from the same cluster can play a similar role in the canine and human reproductive tracts. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the impact of Mycoplasma on canine and human male fertility as well as the prospects of further development in this field.

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Genital mycoplasmas of healthy bitches

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

Normal and Pathological Vaginal Microflora in the Bitch-A Review

The Canine Vaginal Flora: A Large-Cohort Retrospective Study

The influence of Mycoplasma species on human and canine semen quality: a review

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