Genito-Urinary Complications of Non-Gonococcal Urethritis and Trichomoniasis in Males

Coutts, Waldemar E.; Silva-Inzunza, Edna; Tallman, Benjamin A.

doi:10.1159/000277454

Cited by 10 publications

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“…The 38 subjects with NGU in the present study were also negative for T. vaginalis . Although the highest prevalence in this group reported in earlier studies was 68% in Chile in 1959, 17 the range is generally 1–17% 3 . According to recent studies, the prevalence in this group was 13–20% in the USA 8,18 and 18–19% in Africa 13,19 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Failure to detect urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in Japanese men with or without urethritis

et al. 2006

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Aim:Trichomonas vaginalis may cause symptomatic or asymptomatic urethritis in men. There are few recent studies on the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in Japanese men, and quantification of the number of cases of urethritis attributable to this pathogen has not been performed in Japan. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and morbidity of T. vaginalis infection in Japanese men. Methods: One hundred subjects with or without urethritis were examined for the presence of urethral T. vaginalis using culture swabs. Results: Urethral swabs from all subjects were negative for T. vaginalis. Conclusion:These results indicate Japanese men, including those with urethritis, have a low incidence of urethral T. vaginalis infection or colonization. T. vaginalis appears to be an uncommon pathogen for male urethritis in Japan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Failure to detect urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in Japanese men with or without urethritis

et al. 2006

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“…We further hypothesized that once/if T. vaginalis reaches the prostate, its frequent lack of symptoms may also allow it to persist within the prostate, where it may establish a chronic focus of infection [95]. This hypothesis is supported by findings from early, pre-antibiotic era studies of trichomonosis in which investigators frequently found evidence of T. vaginalis in prostate specimens from asymptomatic male partners of women with trichomonal vaginitis [97][98][99][100][101][102], some of whom were chronically infected [101].…”

Section: Another Sti Gaining Recent Attention Is Trichomonas Vaginalimentioning

confidence: 87%

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

Sutcliffe

2010

Future Oncol.

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ABSTRACT/SUMMARYSince the early 1950s when sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were first proposed as a possible risk factor for prostate cancer, numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted.Initially, these studies were primarily small case-control studies with retrospective, self-reported assessment of a narrow range of STIs, typically either any STIs, or gonorrhea and syphilis.However, as new STIs have been discovered/recognized, new and better tests to detect histories of STIs have been developed, and new resources for prostate cancer research have been created, epidemiologic studies have expanded to include a wider range of STIs, and have moved towards more rigorous, prospective study designs and serologic assessment of STI histories. The results of these studies are reviewed and discussed, as well as possible new avenues of research, such asTrichomonas vaginalis infection and infections not typically considered to be sexually transmitted. 3 EARLY HYPOTHESES FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND PROSTATE CANCEREarly hypotheses related to a sexually transmitted etiology of prostate cancer were initially motivated by contemporary, epidemiologic patterns of prostate cancer occurrence. In the early 1950s, Ravich and Ravich [1, 2] noted a higher prostate cancer prevalence among mainly uncircumcised non-Jewish than circumcised Jewish men, similar to patterns for penile cancer and cervical cancer among female partners of these men, leading them to propose that observed patterns might be explained by sexual transmission of a virus or other carcinogenic agent contained within the smegma of uncircumcised males. Subsequent investigators [3][4][5] further proposed additional hypotheses related to infection, sexual behavior, and sexual frustration to explain other contemporary patterns of prostate cancer occurrence by marital, paternal, and racial status. Together, these observations and hypotheses led to a series of investigations beginning in the early 1970s to examine possible associations between STIs and sexual behavior in relation to prostate cancer. Selection of STIs STI markers:Most early investigations of STIs and prostate cancer assessed either a history of any STIs or individual histories of gonorrhea and syphilis as markers or possibly vectors of the potentially causative STI or sexual behavior [6][7][8][9]. These STIs were likely selected because they were the most common, well-known, and symptomatic STIs at the time, making them also more readily assessed by self-report, medical record abstraction, or registry query. Prostate inflammation:Other early studies focused specifically on gonorrhea because it frequently led to 4 secondary gonococcal prostatitis in the pre-and early-antibiotic era, and because prostate inflammation had previously been hypothesized as a cause of atrophy and subsequent prostate cancer ([9-11] and references therein). This inflammation-atrophy-prostate cancer hypothesis has since gained further support with the observation of morphological and epigenetic transitions betwe...

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Trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

Sutcliffe

Alderete

Till

et al. 2009

Intl Journal of Cancer

128

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We previously observed a positive association between a history of trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis, and prostate cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. To determine the reproducibility of this finding, we conducted a second, prospective investigation of trichomonosis and prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Participants were men (55 years of age) with no evidence of prostate cancer at enrollment (n 5 18,882). Men were screened annually for prostate cancer, and if not diagnosed during the trial, were offered an end-of-study prostate biopsy. Cases were a sample of men diagnosed with prostate cancer on any biopsy after visit 2 or on their end-of-study biopsy (n 5 616). Controls were men not diagnosed with prostate cancer during the trial or on their end-of-study biopsy (n 5 616). Controls were frequency-matched to cases by age, treatment arm, and family history of prostate cancer. Serum from visit 2 was tested for anti-T. vaginalis IgG antibodies. No association was observed between T. vaginalis serostatus and prostate cancer. 21.5% of cases and 24.8% of controls had low seropositivity, and 15.2% and 15.0% had high seropositivity. Compared to seronegative men, the odds ratio of prostate cancer for men with low seropositivity was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-1.09), and that for men with high seropositivity was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.70-1.34). Given the original strong biologic rationale and potential for prevention, additional studies are warranted to help resolve discrepancies between study findings and to further investigate this hypothesis from a variety of different approaches. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: trichomonosis; Trichomonas vaginalis; sexually transmitted infection; prostate cancer; epidemiology Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan that causes vaginitis in 20-50% of infected women, and nongonococcal urethritis in a small percentage of infected men. Most other cases are asymptomatic.1,2 We previously hypothesized that this lack of specific symptoms might facilitate persistent and undetected trichomonosis (T. vaginalis infection) in men, thereby providing T. vaginalis with greater opportunity to ascend to the prostate than other more symptomatic sexually transmitted agents. Indeed, early trichomonosis researchers believed the prostate to be the reservoir for T. vaginalis based on its frequent detection in prostate fluid from male partners of women with trichomonal vaginitis.4-8 T. vaginalis has also been proposed as a cause of chronic prostatitis 2 and has been observed in prostate tissue near areas of inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia, leading the authors to propose that T. vaginalis might be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. 9,10 Other mechanisms by which we hypothesize that T. vaginalis may contribute to prostate carcinogenesis include urogenital epithelium damage, 11-13 inhibition of apoptosis 14 and possible local perturbation of polyamine levels (see Ref. 3 a...

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Genito-Urinary Complications of Non-Gonococcal Urethritis and Trichomoniasis in Males

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Failure to detect urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in Japanese men with or without urethritis

Failure to detect urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in Japanese men with or without urethritis

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Review of Historical and Emerging Hypotheses

Trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

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