Genome analysis of adenovirus 4 isolated over a six year period

Abstract

Genome analysis was carried out on 74 adenovirus 4 (Ad4) isolates from patients in Manchester between 1984 and 1989. Most of the isolates were associated with conjunctivitis. Of the 74 isolates studied, 51 were Ad4a and 10 were Ad4p (the prototype strain). The remaining isolates consisted of two new genome types we have designated Ad4a2 (10 isolates) and Ad4a3 (3 isolates). Most of the genome types co-circulated during the period of study. The Bst E II and Xho I restriction maps of the new variants are presented and compared with those of Ad4p. We are unable to associate genome types with particular clinical presentations.

Genomic and Bioinformatics Analyses of HAdV-4vac and HAdV-7vac, Two Human Adenovirus (HAdV) Strains That Constituted Original Prophylaxis against HAdV-Related Acute Respiratory Disease, a Reemerging Epidemic Disease

“…Nevertheless, epidemiological studies indicate that the global prevalence patterns of HAdV genome types do shift over time and geographical region (10,18,27,28). This, along with the genome data presented here, suggests that it is advisable and prudent to design HAdV vaccines from strains that offer the greatest protection against the prevalent genome type and to continue surveillance and vaccine redevelopment with periodic evaluations of current field strains.…”

Molecular Epidemiology of Adenovirus Type 4 Infections in US Military Recruits in the Postvaccination Era (1997–2003)

“…Our data clearly show the circulation in military recruit populations over the past decade of Ad4 strains corresponding to 2 major clusters of genomic homology-4p-like and 4a-like-and representing DNA variants easily distinguishable from the vaccine and prototype strains by restriction enzyme analysis. Ad4 strains corresponding to Ad4p-like and Ad4a-like genome types have been previously isolated in association with both respiratory disease and conjunctivitis worldwide [29,32,36,48], but no particular associations of individual genomic variants with specific clinical presentations have been demonstrated. The disappearance of vaccine selective pressure is likely to be one of the major reasons for the emergence of new Ad4 genome types and for changes in the relative prevalence of existing DNA variants in the military recruit setting.…”

“…Restriction analysis of field isolates of Ad4 recovered worldwide has shown the existence of a variety of genome types (also known as DNA variants) belonging to 2 major clusters of homology-4p-like and 4a-like [29][30][31][32]. Most of the published molecular epidemiological studies of Ad4 infection have used restriction enzyme analyses of whole genomic DNA to characterize strains associated with conjunctivitis [33][34][35].…”

Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus strains isolated from patients with ocular disease in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece (1998-2002)

“…Outbreaks of Ad4 have been reported in Asia, Europe, and Australia [Aoki et al, 1982;Cooper et al, 1993;Schepetiuk et al, 1993]. Two strikingly dissimilar genome types of Ad4 prototype and Ad4a have been demonstrated by DNA restriction enzyme analysis (RFLP) to be implicated [Li and Wadell, 1988a;Itakura et al, 1991].…”

“…Other types such as adenovirus 1, 2, and 6 (subgenus C) and 9, 10, 15, 17, 20, 22, 29 (subgroup D) and adenovirus 7,16 of subgroup B have been reported to cause conjunctivitis. Adenovirus type 4 is a significant cause of outbreak of respiratory disease among military recruits, but it has also been associated with follicular conjunctivitis [Aoki et al, 1982;Cooper et al, 1993;Schepetiuk et al, 1993]. In Western countries adenoviral conjunctivitis is frequently reported as swimming pool conjunctivitis or nosocomial conjunctivitis.…”