Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

Knight, Daniel R.; Squire, Michele M.; Collins, Deirdre A.; Riley, Thomas V.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.02138

Cited by 116 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…(, ), and for strain RT014, evidence was found for zoonotic transmission between pigs and humans (Knight et al . ). This transmission potential between animals and humans leads to a zoonotic risk, not only between humans and farm animals, but also pets and humans, and (indirectly) rodents and humans.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Evidence for zoonotic transmission of C. difficile (strain RT078) has only recently been reported by Knetsch et al (2014Knetsch et al ( , 2018, and for strain RT014, evidence was found for zoonotic transmission between pigs and humans (Knight et al 2017). This transmission potential between animals and humans leads to a zoonotic risk, not only between humans and farm animals, but also pets and humans, and (indirectly) rodents and humans.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Krijger

Meerburg

Harmanus

et al. 2019

Lett Appl Microbiol

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With wild rodents and insectivores being present around humans and their living, working and food production environments, it is important to gain knowledge of the zoonotic pathogens present in these animals. The enteropathogen Clostridium difficile, an opportunistic anaerobic bacteria, can be carried by both animals and humans, and is distributed globally. It is known that there is genetic overlap between human and animal sources of C. difficile. In this study, the aim was to assess the presence of C. difficile in rodents and insectivores trapped on and around pig and cattle farms in the Netherlands. In total 347 rodents and insectivores (10 different species) were trapped and 39·2% tested positive for presence of C. difficile. For all positive samples the ribotype (RT) was determined, and in total there were 13 different RTs found (in descending order of frequency: 057, 010, 029, 005, 073, 078, 015, 035, 454, 014, 058, 062, 087). Six of the RTs isolated from rodents and insectivores are known to be associated with human C. difficile infection; RT005, RT010, RT014, RT015, RT078 and RT087. The presence of rodents and insectivores in and around food production buildings (e.g. farms) could contribute to the spread of C. difficile in the human environment. In order to enable on‐farm management for pathogen control, it is essential to comprehend the role of wild rodents and insectivores that could potentially affect the ecology of disease agents on farms. Significance and Impact of the Study This study shows that rodents and insectivores in and around food production buildings (e.g. farms) can carry Clostridium difficile ribotypes associated with human C. difficile infection (CDI). C. difficile spores in rodent and insectivore droppings are able to survive in the environment for prolonged periods, leading to host‐to‐host exposure and transmission. Therefore we can state that rodent and insectivore presence on farms is a risk for zoonotic pathogen transmission of C. difficile.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Krijger

Meerburg

Harmanus

et al. 2019

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…The zoonotic transmission is supported by the occurrence of C. difficile in animals, and the shared PCR ribotypes between humans and animals. A more precise wholegenome analysis has confirmed an overlap of genetically related strains between humans and animals [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Clostridioides difficile in national food surveillance, Slovenia, 2015 to 2017

et al. 2020

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Background: Clostridioides difficile is an important human and animal intestinal pathogen. Because of increasing indications of an association between C. difficile and food, in 2015, the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary Sector and Plant Protection (UVHVVR) included C. difficile in its national food surveillance. Aim: We aim to report the results and experience with a nationwide and longterm testing of food for C. difficile as a part of a regular national food surveillance programme. Methods: Retail minced meat and meat preparations (beef, pork and poultry) were sampled within a three-year period, 2015 to 2017. Selected raw retail vegetables, leaf salads and root vegetables, and ready-to-eat salads were only sampled during 2016 and 2017. Seafood was only sampled in 2017. Results: Altogether, 434 samples were tested, with 12 of 336 (3.6%) meat samples and 6 of 98 (6.1%) raw vegetables contaminated with C. difficile. Twelve of 18 recovered food isolates were toxigenic (toxinotypes 0, III, V, XII). The isolates belonged to 13 different PCR ribotypes, 001 being most common (5 isolates). Several food types with an increased potential of being contaminated with C. difficile were detected by surveillance. Conclusion: The three-year C. difficile testing within the national food surveillance revealed a low proportion of C. difficile-contaminated food and high genotype variability. Because the risk of C. difficile infection associated with C. difficile-contaminated food is unknown, no measures were recommended in the case of positive results.

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“…80 The 014 ribotype is highly prevalent in neonatal pigs in Australia, and, notably, it is the most frequent ribotype associated with CDI. 81 Analogous to the 078 ribotype, whole genome analyses of 014 strains indicates that many strains isolated from humans are genetically identical to those isolated from pigs despite being separated by large distances. 81 C. difficile is also frequently found in approximately 50% of <7-day-old calves despite being present in only 2% of adult cattle, 82 so young cows may be another important source of C. difficile spores.…”

Section: Difficile Can Be Transmitted Between Animals and Humans Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridioides difficile Spores: Bile Acid Sensors and Trojan Horses of Transmission

Shen

2020

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery

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The Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections in the United States, although it also causes a significant number of community-acquired infections. C. difficile infections, which range in severity from mild diarrhea to toxic megacolon, cost more to treat than matched infections, with an annual treatment cost of approximately $6 billion for almost half-a-million infections. These high–treatment costs are due to the high rates of C. difficile disease recurrence (>20%) and necessity for special disinfection measures. These complications arise in part because C. difficile makes metabolically dormant spores, which are the major infectious particle of this obligate anaerobe. These seemingly inanimate life forms are inert to antibiotics, resistant to commonly used disinfectants, readily disseminated, and capable of surviving in the environment for a long period of time. However, upon sensing specific bile salts in the vertebrate gut, C. difficile spores transform back into the vegetative cells that are responsible for causing disease. This review discusses how spores are ideal vectors for disease transmission and how antibiotics modulate this process. We also describe the resistance properties of spores and how they create challenges eradicating spores, as well as promote their spread. Lastly, environmental reservoirs of C. difficile spores and strategies for destroying them particularly in health care environments will be discussed.

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Genome Analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 014 Lineage in Australian Pigs and Humans Reveals a Diverse Genetic Repertoire and Signatures of Long-Range Interspecies Transmission

Cited by 116 publications

References 125 publications

Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Clostridium difficile in wild rodents and insectivores in the Netherlands

Clostridioides difficile in national food surveillance, Slovenia, 2015 to 2017

Clostridioides difficile Spores: Bile Acid Sensors and Trojan Horses of Transmission

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