Genome Evolution of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Americas

Abstract

Bloodstream infections due to S. aureus cause significant patient morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by the emergence and spread of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This study provides important insights on the evolution and long-distance geographic expansion of two distinct MRSA lineages that predominate in bloodstream infections in the past 5 decades.

Demographic fluctuations in bloodstream Staphylococcus aureus lineages configure the mobile gene pool and antimicrobial resistance

“…Our findings are also consistent with previous phylogenetic analyses of ST5/CC5 and ST8/CC8 (regardless of source) that revealed their early origins 34 , 42 , 43 , even before the emergence of MRSA in the 1960s 44 . The tMRCA for CC5-MRSA is estimated to be 1938, which was followed by expansions of two sublineages in the early 1960s and early 1970s in the American continents 45 .…”

The antibacterial activity of three zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks and zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from them

“…The challenge in transporting Zn 2+ across the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria arises from the presence of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane and a plasma inner membrane in the cell wall structure. 45,46 Thus, among the MOFs, ZIF-8 is ranked first with the highest bactericidal effect, and among the zinc oxide samples, the zinc oxide sample obtained from ZIF-8 shows a high release, resulting in a high bactericidal effect. This indicates that, in general, the structure of ZIF-8 is more unstable, and its zinc ion releases are higher than the other two ZIFs.…”

“…The challenge in transporting Zn 2+ across the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria arises from the presence of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane and a plasma inner membrane in the cell wall structure. 45,46 Thus, among the MOFs, Fig. 4 The graph obtained from ICP analysis that shows the release of zinc ion in a period of 48 hours for (a) ZIF-4, ZIF-7 and ZIF-8 (b) ZnO samples drived from ZIF-4, ZIF-7 and ZIF-8.…”

Global genetic diversity and Asian clades evolution: a phylogeographic study of Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 5

“…However, this lineage is gradually being replaced by several emerging clones ( 19 ). ST5 is responsible for MRSA-associated bloodstream infections in North, Central, and South America, second only to ST8, and the diversification of ST5 was associated with independent acquisitions of unique variants of the mobile mecA -carrying chromosomal cassette and distinct repertoires of antimicrobial resistance genes ( 20 ). ST5-MRSA-SCC mec IV is now the second most common ( 21 ) community-associated MRSA clone in parts of Australia and has caused clonal outbreaks across a large geographical region ( 22 ).…”