“…pathways that are present but not used. To date, the simulation of metabolic models has found applications in metabolic engineering (Perez Pulido et al, 2005;Park et al, 2011;Licona-Cassani et al, 2012), network analysis (Almaas et al, 2005;Lee et al, 2005;Nam et al, 2012), biological discovery (Chen & Vitkup, 2006;Reed et al, 2006;Frezza et al, 2011), and target identification for drug discovery research (Becker et al, 2006;Brynildsen et al, 2013). Metabolic models have also been used to investigate drug off-target effects by incorporating structural data for proteins (Chang et al, 2010) and to provide context for the analysis of high-throughput omics data (Chandrasekaran & Price, 2010;Chang et al, 2010;van Berlo et al, 2011;Frezza et al, 2011).…”