Genome Sequence of <i>Venturia carpophila</i>, the Causal Agent of Peach Scab

Zhou, Yang; Zhang, Lei; Fan, Fei; Wang, Zuo-Qian; Huang, Yue; Yin, Ling; Yin, Wei-Xiao; Luo, Chaoxi

doi:10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0321-a

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Finally, our study has provided further evidence that many sequence-diverse fungal effectors share common structural folds. Given that the genomes of many other Venturia species have now been sequenced [19,22,[119][120][121][122][123][124][125]], it will be interesting to determine whether specific effector folds are associated with subcuticular growth or the infection of specific host species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheVenturia inaequaliseffector repertoire is expressed in waves and is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

Rocafort

Bowen

Hassing

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundScab, caused by the biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples worldwide. During infection, V. inaequalis occupies the subcuticular environment, where it secretes virulence factors, termed effectors, to promote host colonization. However, in the presence of corresponding host resistance proteins, these effectors are recognized as avirulence determinants to activate plant defences. To develop durable control strategies against scab, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis is required. Likewise, more information is needed on the role that effectors play in activating, suppressing or circumventing resistance protein-mediated defences.ResultsWe generated the first comprehensive RNA-seq transcriptome of V. inaequalis during colonization of apple. Analysis of this transcriptome revealed five in planta gene expression clusters or waves corresponding to three specific infection stages: early, mid and mid-late infection. Early infection was characterized by genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and proteins associated with oxidative stress responses. Mid infection was characterized by genes encoding transporter proteins. Finally, mid-late infection was characterized by genes encoding PCWDEs and effector candidates (ECs), with most ECs belonging to expanded protein families. To gain insights into function, AlphaFold2 was used to predict the tertiary structures of proteinaceous ECs. Strikingly, many ECs were predicted to have structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi, including members of the MAX, LARS, ToxA and FOLD structural effector families. In addition, several other ECs, including an EC family with amino acid similarity to the AvrLm6 effector from Leptosphaeria maculans, were predicted to adopt a KP6/ferredoxin-like fold. Thus, proteins with a KP6/ferredoxin-like fold may represent yet another structural family of effectors shared among plant-pathogenic fungi.ConclusionsOur study reveals the transcriptomic profile underpinning subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis, and reinforces the idea that fungal effectors share a limited number of structural folds. Importantly, our study also provides an enriched list of V. inaequalis ECs that can be investigated for roles in virulence and avirulence, and raises the possibility that apple resistance proteins can be engineered to recognize EC family folds or host components targeted by multiple EC family members.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheVenturia inaequaliseffector repertoire is expressed in waves and is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

Rocafort

Bowen

Hassing

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The pathogen overwinters as mycelia in twig lesions or as chlamydospores on vegetative tissue or in the bark of 1-year-old shoots. Besides peach, it also affects black plum, apricot, and almond (Fisher 1961;Kim et al 2017;González-Domínguez et al 2017;Dar et al 2019;Zhou et al 2021c). V. carpophila can cause severe damage to peach production in Asia, North America and Europe (EPPO 2021).…”

Section: Peach Scabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution and management of peach diseases

Luo

Schnabel

et al. 2022

Phytopathol Res

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Peach is a popular and important tree fruit widely produced in the world, and the production of high-quality peach fruit does require management of pests and diseases. In this review, major peach diseases from China, Spain, and USA are described in detail for the benefit of producers, consultants, researchers, and other interested parties. Minor diseases of concern in these countries are also described. Current progress on pathogen resistance to major chemical classes of fungicides as well as current resistance management practices are discussed. Specific cultural practices applied in China, Spain, and USA are also described to provide an overview of peach disease management. A ‘Future Outlook’ section is included at the end of this review to highlight the challenges and opportunities for disease management in the future.

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Cytological Observation of the Infectious Process of Venturia carpophila on Peach Leaves

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2022

Plant Disease

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Peach scab caused by Venturia carpophila, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of peach worldwide, which seriously affects the peach production. Up to date, the infection process and pathogenesis of V. carpophila on peach remain unclear. Here, we present the infection behaviour of V. carpophila at the ultrastructural and cytological levels in peach leaves with combined microscopic investigations (e.g., light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). V. carpophila germinated at the tip of conidia and produced short germ tubes on peach leaf surfaces at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 3 dpi, swollen tips of germ tubes differentiated into appressoria. At 5 dpi, penetration pegs produced by appressoria broke through the cuticle layer, and then differentiated into thick sub-cuticular hyphae in the pectin layer of the epidermal cell walls. At 10 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae extensively colonized in the pectin layer. The primary hyphae ramified into secondary hyphae and proliferated along with the incubation. At 15 dpi, the sub-cuticular hyphae divided laterally to form stromata between the cuticle layer and the cellulose layer of the epidermal cells. At 30 dpi, conidiophores developed from the sub-cuticular stromata. Finally, abundant conidiophores and new conidia appeared on leaf surfaces at 40 dpi. These results provide useful information for further understanding the V. carpophila pathogenesis.

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Genome Sequence of Venturia carpophila, the Causal Agent of Peach Scab

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

TheVenturia inaequaliseffector repertoire is expressed in waves and is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

TheVenturia inaequaliseffector repertoire is expressed in waves and is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

Global distribution and management of peach diseases

Cytological Observation of the Infectious Process of Venturia carpophila on Peach Leaves

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