The relatively low genetic variation of current US soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars constrains the improvement of grain yield and other agronomic and seed composition traits. Recently, a substantial effort has been undertaken to introduce novel genetic diversity present in wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc.) into elite cultivars, in both public and private breeding programs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the phenotypic diversity within a collection of 80 G. soja plant introductions (PIs) in the USDA National Genetic Resources Program and to analyze the correlations between agronomic and seed composition traits. Field tests were conducted in Missouri and North Carolina during 3 yr (2013, 2014, and 2015) in a randomized complete block design. The phenotypic data collected included plant maturity date, seed weight, and the seed concentration of protein, oil, essential amino acids, fatty acid, and soluble carbohydrates. We found that genotype was a significant (P < 0.0001) source of variation for maturity date, seed weight, seed protein and amino acids, seed oil and fatty acids, and seed carbohydrates, and significant correlations were observed between numerous traits. The G. soja PIs generally had lower seed weight, higher seed contents of protein, linolenic acid, raffinose, and stachyose, and lower seed contents of oil and oleic acid than the cultivated soybean G. max lines. The information and data collected in this study will be invaluable in guiding soybean breeders and geneticists in selecting promising G. soja PIs for research and cultivar improvement.