Genome-wide association study of cooking-caused grain expansion in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Cooking-caused rice grain expansion (CCRGE) is a critical trait for evaluating the cooking quality of rice. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies on CCRGE have been limited to bi-parental populations, which restrict the exploration of natural variation and mapping resolution. To comprehensively and precisely dissect the genetic basis of CCRGE, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on three related indices: grain breadth expansion index (GBEI), grain length expansion index (GLEI), and grain length-breadth ratio expansion index (GREI), using 345 rice accessions grown in two years (environments) and 193,582 SNP markers. By analyzing each environment separately using seven different methods (3VmrMLM, mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, pLARmEB, pKWmEB, ISIS EM-BLASSO), we identified a total of 32, 19 and 27 reliable quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with GBEI, GLEI and GREI, respectively. Furthermore, by jointly analyzing the two environments using 3VmrMLM, we discovered 19, 22 and 25 QTNs, as well as 9, 5 and 7 QTN-by-environment interaction (QEIs) associated with GBEI, GLEI and GREI, respectively. Notably, 12, 9 and 15 QTNs for GBEI, GLEI and GREI were found within the intervals of previously reported QTLs. In the vicinity of these QTNs or QEIs, based on analyses of mutation type, gene ontology classification, haplotype, and expression pattern, we identified five candidate genes that are related to starch synthesis and endosperm development. The five candidate genes, namely, LOC_Os04g53310 (OsSSIIIb, near QTN qGREI-4.5s), LOC_Os05g02070 (OsMT2b, near QTN qGLEI-5.1s), LOC_Os06g04200 (wx, near QEI qGBEI-6.1i and QTNs qGREI-6.1s and qGLEI-6.1t), LOC_Os06g12450 (OsSSIIa, near QTN qGLEI-6.2t), and LOC_Os08g09230 (OsSSIIIa, near QTN qGBEI-8.1t), are predicted to be involved in the process of rice grain starch synthesis and to influence grain expansion after cooking. Our findings provide valuable insights and will facilitate genetic research and improvement of CCRGE.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Starch Synthase Gene Family in Sweet Potato and Two of Its Closely Related Species

“…Starch is widely found in green plants and is an important carbon and energy reserve in plants, which is essential for the yield and quality of sweet potato lakes. The SS gene family has been identified in many plants, such as Arabidopsis containing five SS genes [13,23], rice containing 10 SS genes [24], potato containing four SS genes [11], maize [11], and wheat [32,33], and tomato [27] containing six SS genes. In this study, 24 SS genes from I. batatas, I. trifida, and I. triloba were grouped into five subfamilies based on a phylogenetic tree.…”

“…The ratio of AM/AP has an important role in crop quality, flavor, and quality, as well as stress tolerance, and is important for promoting crop yield and stress tolerance. Presently, the SS gene family members have been studied in several plants, such as Arabidopsis [23], rice [24], potato [25,26], and tomato [27].…”