Genome-wide identification, molecular evolution, and expression divergence of the hexokinase gene family in apple

Jiang

et al. 2023

Plants

In plants, the multi-gene family of dual-function hexokinases (HXKs) plays an important role in sugar metabolism and sensing, that affects growth and stress adaptation. Sugarcane is an important sucrose crop and biofuel crop. However, little is known about the HXK gene family in sugarcane. A comprehensive survey of sugarcane HXKs, including physicochemical properties, chromosomal distribution, conserved motifs, and gene structure was conducted, identifying 20 members of the SsHXK gene family that were located on seven of the 32 Saccharum spontaneum L. chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the SsHXK family could be divided into three subfamilies (group I, II and III). Motifs and gene structure were related to the classification of SsHXKs. Most SsHXKs contained 8–11 introns which was consistent with other monocots. Duplication event analysis indicated that HXKs in S. spontaneum L. primarily originated from segmental duplication. We also identified putative cis-elements in the SsHXK promoter regions which were involved in phytohormone, light and abiotic stress responses (drought, cold et al.). During normal growth and development, 17 SsHXKs were constitutively expressed in all ten tissues. Among them, SsHXK2, SsHXK12 and SsHXK14 had similar expression patterns and were more highly expressed than other genes at all times. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 14/20 SsHXKs had the highest expression level after cold stress for 6 h, especially SsHXK15, SsHXK16 and SsHXK18. As for drought treatment, 7/20 SsHXKs had the highest expression level after drought stress for 10 days, 3/20 (SsHKX1, SsHKX10 and SsHKX11) had the highest expression level after 10 days of recovery. Overall, our results revealed the potential biological function of SsHXKs, which may provide information for in-depth functional verification.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and Expression Analysis of Hexokinases Family in Saccharum spontaneum L. under Drought and Cold Stresses

Jiang

et al. 2023

Plants

“…Different gene expansion/ contraction events must have occurred in different plant lineage. In line with the previous findings, we have identified 10 HXKs in rice (Cho et al, 2006a), 10 HXKs in pear (Yu et al, 2017), and 9 in apple (Zhu et al, 2021), 6 HXKs in A. thaliana (Karve et al, 2008), 4 in F. vesca and F. pentaphylla (Supplementary Table 1). The gene number differences were mainly attributed to the gene divergence in the S3 clade.…”

Section: The Gene Expansion Of Hxks In Green Plantssupporting

confidence: 91%

Hexokinase1: A glucose sensor involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity in strawberry

Lin

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

Hexokinase1 (HXK1) is a bifunctional enzyme that plays indispensable roles in plant growth, nitrogen utilization, and stress resistance. However, information on the HXK family members of strawberries and their functions in glucose sensing and metabolic regulation is scarce. In the present study, four HXKs were firstly identified in the genome of Fragaria vesca and F. pentaphylla. The conserved domains of the HXK1s were confirmed, and a site-directed mutation (S177A) was introduced into the FpHXK1. FpHXK1, which shares the highest identity with the AtHXK1 was able to restore the glucose sensitivity and developmental defects of the Arabidopsis gin2-1 mutant, but not its kinase-activity-impaired mutant (FpHXK1S177A). The transcription of FpHXK1 was dramatically up-regulated under PEG-simulated drought stress conditions. The inhibition of the HXK kinase activity delayed the strawberry plant’s responses to drought stress. Transient overexpression of the FpHXK1 and its kinase-impaired mutant differentially affected the level of glucose, sucrose, anthocyanins, and total phenols in strawberry fruits. All these results indicated that the FpHXK1, acting as a glucose sensor, was involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity.

“…It is responsible for converting D-fructose into D-fructose 6phosphate, and the activity of scrK effectively controls the accumulation of starch in tomato fruit [ 44 ]. HK is also the key enzyme involved in converting D-fructose to D-fructose-6p, and HK plays an indispensable role in sugar accumulation in apple fruits [ 45 , 46 ]. Scrk and HK played a role in the same branches of the ginseng polysaccharides biosynthesis pathway, but they showed the opposite correlation pattern with polysaccharides content in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome reveals insights into biosynthesis of ginseng polysaccharides

et al. 2022

Background Ginseng polysaccharides, have been used to treat various diseases as an important active ingredient. Nevertheless, the biosynthesis of ginseng polysaccharides is poorly understood. To elucidate the biosynthesis mechanism of ginseng polysaccharides, combined the transcriptome analysis and polysaccharides content determination were performed on the roots, stems, and leaves collected from four cultivars of ginseng. Results The results indicated that the total contents of nine monosaccharides were highest in the roots. Moreover, the total content of nine monosaccharides in the roots of the four cultivars were different but similar in stems and leaves. Glucose (Glc) was the most component of all monosaccharides. In total, 19 potential enzymes synthesizing of ginseng polysaccharides were identified, and 17 enzymes were significantly associated with polysaccharides content. Among these genes, the expression of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), UTP–glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP2), fructokinase (scrK), mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GMPP), phosphomannomutase (PMM), UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GALE), beta-fructofuranosidase (sacA), and sucrose synthase (SUS) were correlated with that of MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, and NAC transcription factors (TFs). These TFs may regulate the expression of genes involved in ginseng polysaccharides synthesis. Conclusion Our findings could provide insight into a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of polysaccharides biosynthesis, and would drive progress in genetic improvement and plantation development of ginseng.