Genome‐wide sequence data show no evidence of hybridization and introgression among pollinator wasps associated with a community of Panamanian strangler figs

Satler, Jordan D.; Herre, Edward Allen; Heath, Tracy A.; Machado, Carlos A.; Zúñiga, Adalberto Gómez; Nason, John D.

doi:10.1111/mec.16373

Cited by 9 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(286 reference statements)

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“…In F. rubiginosa , three cryptic species of Pleistodontes imperialis coexist in the same localities while retaining reproductive isolation ( Sutton et al, 2017 ), with Wolbachia identified as the most likely candidate of post-zygotic reproductive isolation ( Haine & Cook, 2005 ). Similarly, no hybridization was detected between pollinating-wasps of genus Pegoscapus in Panama ( Satler et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of specificity in sympatric host-specific fig/wasp pollination mutualisms

Xie

Yang

Xia

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Background Fig/wasp pollination mutualisms are extreme examples of species-specific plant-insect symbioses, but incomplete specificity occurs, with potentially important evolutionary consequences. Why pollinators enter alternative hosts, and the fates of pollinators and the figs they enter, are unknown. Methods We studied the pollinating fig wasp, Ceratosolen emarginatus, which concurrently interacts with its typical host Ficus auriculata and the locally sympatric alternative host F. hainanensis, recording frequencies of the wasp in figs of the alternative hosts. We measured ovipositor lengths of pollinators and style lengths in female and male figs in the two host species. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by receptive figs of each species were identified using GC-MS. We tested the attraction of wasps to floral scents in choice experiments, and detected electrophysiologically active compounds by GC-EAD. We introduced C. emarginatus foundresses into figs of both species to reveal the consequences of entry into the alternative host. Results C. emarginatus entered a low proportion of figs of the alternative host, and produced offspring in a small proportion of them. Despite differences in the VOC profiles of the two fig species, they included shared semiochemicals. Although C. emarginatus females prefer receptive figs of F. auriculata, they are also attracted to those of F. hainanensis. C. emarginatus that entered male figs of F. hainanensis produced offspring, as their ovipositors were long enough to reach the bottom of the style; however, broods were larger and offspring smaller than in the typical host. Female figs of F. hainanensis failed to produce seeds when visited by C. emarginatus. These findings advance our current understanding of how these species-specific mutualisms usually remain stable and the conditions that allow their diversification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of specificity in sympatric host-specific fig/wasp pollination mutualisms

Xie

Yang

Xia

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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“…Evolutionary processes in the fig–pollinator mutualism appear to affect figs and wasps differently. While signatures of hybridization and introgression are present in host fig species ( e.g ., Machado et al, 2005; Renoult et al, 2009; Bruun-Lund et al, 2017; Wilde et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2021a), there is little evidence these processes affect fig wasp pollinators (see Molbo et al, 2003, 2004; Sutton et al, 2017; Satler et al, 2022). This suggests that the processes governing reproductive isolation operate differently within each lineage (figs– plants versus wasps–insects).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our community of Tetrapus wasps, species are genetically distinct and are highly divergent (Figure 1). This result is consistent with genetic studies of fig wasps, where species typically show little intraspecific divergence but are deeply divergent from other species ( e.g ., Satler et al, 2022). The lack of hybridization in Tetrapus wasps is congruent with results from a recent study of Neotropical strangler fig pollinators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If individuals belonged to different clades between the species tree (estimated with nuclear UCE data) and the mitochondrial gene tree, the cytonuclear discordance could be explained by interspecific hybridization and introgression. To generate mtDNA data from our samples, we followed the outline of (Satler et al, 2022). Briefly, we used NOVOPlasty v4.3.1 (Dierckxsens et al, 2017) to identify mitochondrial reads and generated haplotypes from off-target reads present in the UCE sequencing files.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This appears to be the case even among distantly related fig species across distinct subgenera (Compton, 1990; Ramírez, 1994; Wang et al, 2021a). In contrast to their fig hosts, however, the few studies conducted to date using microsatellites or even deeper genomic tools find little or no evidence of hybridization or successful introgression between co-occurring pollinator wasp species (Molbo et al, 2003, 2004; Sutton et al, 2017; Satler et al, 2022). Importantly, no study has directly applied genomic tools that can reveal the presence of hybridization and introgression across both the host figs and their associated pollinator species comprising an entire local community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps

Satler

Herre

Heath

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Obligate pollination mutualisms, in which plant and pollinator lineages depend on each other for reproduction, often exhibit high levels of species-specificity. However, cases in which two or more pollinator species share a single host species (host sharing), or two or more host species share a single pollinator species (pollinator sharing), are known to occur in current ecological time. Further, evidence for host switching in evolutionary time is increasingly being recognized in these systems. The degree to which departures from strict specificity differentially affect the potential for hybridization and introgression in the associated host or pollinator is unclear. We addressed this question using genome-wide sequence data from five sympatric Panamanian free-standing fig species (Ficus subgenus Pharmacosycea, section Pharmacosycea) and their six associated fig pollinator wasp species (Tetrapus). Two of the five fig species, F. glabrata and F. maxima, were found to regularly share pollinators. In these species, ongoing hybridization was demonstrated by the detection of several first-generation (F1) hybrid individuals and historical introgression was indicated by phylogenetic network analysis. In contrast, although two of the pollinator species regularly share hosts, all six species were genetically distinct and deeply divergent, with no evidence for either hybridization or introgression. This pattern is consistent with results from other obligate pollination mutualisms, suggesting that, in contrast to their host plants, pollinators appear to be reproductively isolated, even when different species of pollinators mate in shared hosts.

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Rising temperatures threaten pollinators of fig trees—Keystone resources of tropical forests

Kolfschoten

Dück

Lind

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Pollinating insects are decreasing worldwide in abundance, biomass, and species richness, affecting the plants that rely on pollinators for fruit production and seed set. Insects are often sensitive to high temperatures. The projected temperature increases may therefore severely affect plants that rely on insect pollinators. Highly specialized mutualisms are expected to be particularly vulnerable to change because they have fewer partner options should one partner become unavailable. In the highly specialized mutualism between fig trees and their pollinating fig wasp, each fig species is pollinated by only one or a few wasp species. Because of their year‐round fruit production, fig trees are considered a keystone resource for tropical forests. However, to produce fruits, wild fig trees need to be pollinated by fig wasps that typically travel a long one‐way trip from the tree donating pollen to the tree receiving pollen. In a few previous studies from China and Australia, increasing temperatures dramatically decreased fig wasp lifespan. Are these grim results generalizable to fig mutualisms globally? Here, we use survival experiments to determine the effect of increasing temperature on the lifespan of Neotropical fig wasps associated with five common Panamanian Ficus species. Experimental temperatures were based on the current daytime mean temperature of 26.8°C (2SD: 21.6–31.7°C) and the predicted local temperature increase of 1–4°C by the end of the 21st century. We found that all tested pollinator wasp species had a significantly shorter lifespan in 30, 32, 34, and 36°C compared to the current diurnal mean temperature of 26°C. At 36°C pollinator median lifespan decreased to merely 2–10 h (6%–19% of their median lifespan at 26°C). Unless wasps can adapt, such a dramatic reduction in lifespan is expected to reduce the number of pollinators that successfully disperse to flowering fig trees, and may therefore jeopardize both fruit set and eventually survival of the mutualism.

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Genome‐wide sequence data show no evidence of hybridization and introgression among pollinator wasps associated with a community of Panamanian strangler figs

Cited by 9 publications

References 137 publications

Maintenance of specificity in sympatric host-specific fig/wasp pollination mutualisms

Maintenance of specificity in sympatric host-specific fig/wasp pollination mutualisms

Pollinator and host sharing lead to hybridization and introgression in Panamanian free-standing figs, but not in their pollinator wasps

Rising temperatures threaten pollinators of fig trees—Keystone resources of tropical forests

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