Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis of &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Drosophila&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Larvae Infected by Entomopathogenic Nematodes Shows Involvement of Complement, Recognition and Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Arefin, Badrul; Kučerová, Lucie; Dobeš, Pavel; Márkus, Róbert; Strnad, Hynek; Wang, Zhi; Hyršl, Pavel; Z̆urovec, Michal; Theopold, Ulrich

doi:10.1159/000353734

Cited by 87 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…Nematode infections were performed in duplicate in 96-well plates as described previously, and analyzed using the Student t test [4] .…”

Section: Nematode Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age-matched third-instar larvae (96 h after egg-laying) were analyzed. For the control and mutant genotypes, we used samples infected by EPNs for 2 h and analyzed these 6 h afterwards as described in the study by Arefin et al [4] . The summary of the microarray analysis is shown in online supplementary table S6.…”

Section: Experimental Design and Preparation Of Microarray Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They include capsules which are made against larger intruders, such as parasitoid eggs, nodules against large quantities of bacteria and hemolymph clots that form at the entry site of insect (entomo)pathogenic nematodes (EPNs) [4] . During all 3 reactions, blood cells (hemocytes) aggregate and release cytokines and extracellular matrix components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their concentration in the hemolymph increases after infection or parasitization [4,14] . Strong transcriptional upregulation of IDGF family members was detected in several published microarray studies of the response to infection and injury [13,15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Drosophila Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing

et al. 2015

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required for the formation of hemolymph clots that seal wounds, and Idgf3 mutants display an extended developmental delay during wound healing. Altogether, our findings indicate that vertebrate and invertebrate CLP proteins function in analogous settings and have a broad impact on inflammatory reactions and infections. This opens the way to further genetic analysis of Drosophila IDGF3 and will help to elucidate the exact molecular context of CLP function.

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“…Nematode infections were performed in duplicate in 96-well plates as described previously, and analyzed using the Student t test [4] .…”

Section: Nematode Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Design and Preparation Of Microarray Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Drosophila Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing

et al. 2015

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“…Both the nematode and its bacterial endosymbiont appear to inhibit some aspects of AMP production, melanization, encapsulation, and phagocytosis (11,(16)(17)(18). Studies using D. melanogaster larvae as a model host for the EPN Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its endosymbiont Photorhabdus luminescens have shown that infection induces expression of a large number of immune genes, including AMPs, and that AMP expression is primarily a response to the bacterial endosymbiont rather than to the nematode (4,19). Infection also stimulates clotting, and clotting mutants show decreased survival in response to H. bacteriophora-P. luminescens infection (20,21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Variation in the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes

2015

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as models for understanding parasite-host interactions and as biocontrol agents for insect pests. EPNs harbor a bacterial endosymbiont in their gut that assists in insect killing. EPNs are capable of infecting and killing a wide range of insects, yet how the nematodes and their bacterial endosymbionts interact with the insect immune system is poorly understood. Here, we develop a versatile model system for understanding the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection that consists of seven species of EPNs as model parasites and five species of Drosophila fruit flies as model hosts. We show that the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae, which is widely used for insect control, is capable of infecting and killing D. melanogaster larvae. S. carpocapsae is associated with the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, and we show that X. nematophila induces expression of a subset of antimicrobial peptide genes and suppresses the melanization response to the nematode. We further show that EPNs vary in their virulence toward D. melanogaster and that Drosophila species vary in their susceptibilities to EPN infection. Differences in virulence among different EPN-host combinations result from differences in both rates of infection and rates of postinfection survival. Our results establish a powerful model system for understanding mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection. E ntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are insect-parasitic nematodes that are phylogenetically distant but share a similar life cycle as a result of convergent evolution (1). EPNs offer numerous advantages as model parasitic nematodes, including small size, short generation time, and amenability to in vitro culturing (2). EPN infective larvae are associated with bacterial endosymbionts: Steinernema species are associated with bacteria in the genus Xenorhabdus, and Heterorhabditis species are associated with bacteria in the genus Photorhabdus (1). At least some EPNs are capable of infecting the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, providing a genetically tractable system for understanding the immune response to parasitic nematodes and their bacterial endosymbionts (3-6). However, the insect immune response to EPN infection is poorly understood.During a particular developmental stage called the infective juvenile (IJ), EPNs infect insects (Fig. 1A). IJs are developmentally arrested, third-stage larvae analogous to the dauer stage of freeliving nematodes (7). IJs actively seek out insect hosts using chemosensory cues (8-10) and infect either by entering through natural body openings or by penetrating the insect cuticle (11). IJs harbor their bacterial endosymbiont in their gut and deposit it into the insect upon infection, where it assists the nematode in killing the insect, digesting insect tissues, and inhibiting the growth of o...

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Comparative genomic analysis of carboxylesterase genes in Tenebrio molitor and other four tenebrionids

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Carboxylesterases (COEs) have various functions in wide taxons of organisms. In insects, COEs are important enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of a variety of estercontaining xenobiotics, neural signal transmission, pheromone degradation, and reproductive development. Understanding the diversity of COEs is basic to illustrate their functions. In this study, we identified 53, 105, 37, and 39 COEs from the genomes of Tenebrio molitor, Asbolus verucosus, Hycleus cichorii, and H. phaleratus in the superfamily of Tenebrionidea, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 234 COEs from these four species and those reported in Tribolium castaneum (63) could be divided into 12 clades and three major classes. The αesterases significantly expanded in T. molitor, A. verucosus, and T. castaneum compared to dipteran and hymenopteran insects. In T. molitor, most COEs showed tissue and stagespecific but not a sex-biased expression. Our results provide insights into the diversity and evolutionary characteristics of COEs in tenebrionids, and lay a foundation for the functional characterization of COEs in the yellow mealworm.

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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis of <b><i>Drosophila</i></b> Larvae Infected by Entomopathogenic Nematodes Shows Involvement of Complement, Recognition and Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Cited by 87 publications

References 49 publications

The <b><i>Drosophila</i></b> Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing

The <b><i>Drosophila</i></b> Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing

Variation in the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Comparative genomic analysis of carboxylesterase genes in Tenebrio molitor and other four tenebrionids

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