Genome‐wide transcriptional response of the causal soybean sudden death syndrome pathogen Fusarium virguliforme to a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fluopyram

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have been widely used to manage plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Although attention to and use of SDHI fungicides has recently increased, molecular responses of fungal pathogens to SDHIs have often not been investigated. A SDHI fungicide, fluopyram, has been used as a soybean seed treatment and has displayed effective control of Fusarium virguliforme, one of the causal agents of soybean sudden death syndrome. To examine genome-wide gene expression of F. virguliforme to fluopyram, RNA-seq analysis was conducted on two field strains of F. virguliforme with differing SDHI fungicide sensitivity in the absence and presence of fluopyram.RESULTS: The analysis indicated that several xenobiotic detoxification-related genes, such as those of deoxygenase, transferases and transporters, were highly induced by fluopyram. Among the genes, four ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were characterized by the yeast expression system. The results revealed that expression of three ABCG transporters was associated with reduced sensitivity to multiple fungicides including fluopyram. In addition, heterologous expression of a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter that was highly expressed in the fluopyram-insensitive F. virguliforme strain in the yeast system conferred decreased sensitivity to fluopyram.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that xenobiotic detoxification-related genes were highly upregulated in response to fluopyram, and expression of ABC or MFS transporter genes was associated with reduced sensitivity to the SDHI fungicide. This is the first transcriptomic analysis of the fungal species response to fluopyram and the finding will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SDHI resistance.

In silico comparative genomic analysis unravels a new candidate protein arsenal specifically associated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis pathogenesis

“…They are involved in essential www.nature.com/scientificreports/ cellular functions, such as nutrient uptake and metabolite extrusion 48,48 . In addition, a recent study 50 showed that in F.virguliforme, MFS conferred reduced sensitivity to fluopyram (fungicide). Other such abundant core families in Foa include proteins having the fungal-specific transcription factor domain.…”

Do mitochondria use efflux pumps to protect their ribosomes from antibiotics?

“…The strobilurins inhibit respiration through interactions with the quinol oxidation site of cytochrome b , thereby blocking electron flow through complex III and reducing the development of the proton motive force required for ATP generation [20]. Resistance to these agents can occur through point mutations in the target proteins (reviewed by [21]) and MDR can result from overexpression of ABC [22] or MFS [23] efflux pumps. There is no evidence for resistance through overexpression of electron transport chain (ETC) subunits, which is not unexpected as they function in large multi-subunit complexes of defined stoichiometry.…”

Computation-Directed Molecular Design, Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activity of Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors

“…cerealis), Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with a unique mode of action. − Up to now, 24 SDHIs have been commercialized, , and fungi resistance has developed because of the long-term or excessive application of SDHI fungicides. − Therefore, novel SDHIs without cross-resistance are always necessary for modern plant protection.…”