Genomic Analysis of Detoxification Supergene Families in the Mosquito Anopheles sinensis

Abstract

Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and other Southeast Asian countries, and the emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control programs. The recently published An. sinensis genome and transcriptome provide an opportunity to understand the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Analysis of the An. sinensis genome revealed 174 detoxification genes, including 93 cytochrome P450s (P450s), 31 glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and 50 choline/carboxylesterases (CCEs). The gene number was similar to that in An. gambiae, but represented a decrease of 29% and 42% compared with Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. The considerable contraction in gene number in Anopheles mosquitoes mainly occurred in two detoxification supergene families, P450s and CCEs. The available An. sinensis transcriptome was also re-analyzed to further identify key resistance-associated detoxification genes. Among 174 detoxification genes, 124 (71%) were detected. Several candidate genes overexpressed in a deltamethrin-resistant strain (DR-strain) were identified as belonging to the CYP4 or CYP6 family of P450s and the Delta GST class. These generated data provide a basis for identifying the resistance-associated genes of An. sinensis at the molecular level.

Proteomic Investigation on Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso Related to Insecticide Pressures from Different Climatic Regions

“…Previous studies have shown that GSH S‐transferase, carboxylesterases and peroxidases were involved in the resistance to DDT and malathion, [ 38,40 ] while GSH S‐transferases and cytochromes were associated with resistance to DDT, permethrin, deltamethrin, λ ‐cyhalothrin, and malathion. [ 41,42,43 ] Thioredoxin peroxidase was associated with resistance to deltamethrin [ 44 ] and acetyl‐CoA acyltransferase, enoyl‐CoA isomerase, and glutathione S‐transferase with resistance to organophosphate. [ 39 ] GSH S‐transferase and cytochromes were the most impacted by insecticide pressures in both climate regions.…”

Preliminary characterization of putative structural cuticular proteins in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis

“…We used available An. sinensis transcriptome data (BioProject Accession: PRJNA293400; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/wgs/?val=GDKS01) from Zhou et al . to identify insecticide resistance‐associated CPs.…”

“…We used available An. sinensis transcriptome data (BioProject Accession: PRJNA293400; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/ wgs/?val=GDKS01) from Zhou et al 33 to identify insecticide resistance-associated CPs. This approach generated transcriptome data from a deltamethrin-susceptible strain (DS strain) and a deltamethrin-resistant strain (DR strain).…”

Cytochrome P450s in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Insecticide Resistance in Africa: A Mini Review

“…Although CYP4 and CYP9 families have been earlier reported to display insecticide detoxification activities, the CYP6 family has been implicated in insecticide resistance more often than any other CYP family to date [19]. It is found exclusively in insects and is the most extensively studied P450 group in insects [20].…”