Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of ChPV2, a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovines

Abstract

Background Papillomaviruses (PVs) infecting artiodactyls are very diverse, and only second in number to PVs infecting primates. PVs associated to lesions in economically important ruminant species have been isolated from cattle and sheep. Methods Potential PV DNA from teat lesions of a Damascus goat was isolated, cloned and sequenced. The PV genome was analyzed using bioinformatics approaches to detect open reading frames and to predict potential features of encoded proteins as well as putative regulatory elements. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments was used to reveal the relationship of the new PV to the known PV diversity and its closest relevants. Results We isolated and characterized the full-genome of novel Capra hircus papillomavirus. We identified the E6, E7, E1, E2, L2, L1 open reading frames with protein coding potential and putative active elements in the ChPV2 proteins and putative regulatory genome elements. Sequence similarities of L1 and phylogenetic analyses using concatenated E1E2L2L1 nucleotide and amino acid alignments suggest the classification as a new PV type designated ChPV2 with a phylogenetic position within the XiPV genus, basal to the XiPV1 species. ChPV2 is not closely related to ChPV1, the other known goat PV isolated from healthy skin, although both of them belong confidently into a clade composed of PVs infecting cervids and bovids. Interestingly, ChPV2 contains an E6 open reading frame whereas all closely related PVs do not Conclusion ChPV2 is a novel goat PV closely related to the Xi-PV1 species infecting bovines. Phylogenetic relationships and genome architecture of ChPV2 and closely related PV types suggest at least two independent E6 losses within the XiPV clade.

Pteridium spp. and Bovine Papillomavirus: Partners in Cancer

“…These genotypes are divided into five different genera: Delta (δ), Dyokappa, Yoxi, Epsilon (ε) and Xi (ξ) ( 56 ) as detailed in Table 1 . There are 15 BPV genotypes classified as Xipapillomavirus that have cutaneous association ( 6 , 57 ). BPV-5 and BPV-8 are classified as Epsilonpapillomavirus and are also detected in cutaneous papillomas and fibropapilomas ( 58 ).…”

“…BPV-7 also belongs to Dyokappapapillomavirus and has been identified in cutaneous papilloma and healthy skin. BPV-19, BPV-21 and BPV-27 currently remain unclassified ( 6 ). BPV-4 is associated with papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in the upper digestive tract, including the oral and pharyngeal cavities, the esophagus and the rumen ( 72 ).…”

“…Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small epitheliotropic viruses that contain circular double-stranded DNA with about 7,000 base pairs (bp) as genetic material and belong to the Papillomaviridae family (1,2). PVs infect mammals, reptiles, birds and fish and can be found on healthy skin and mucous membranes, as well as in benign proliferative epithelial lesions and in invasive cancers (3)(4)(5)(6). Structurally, PVs consist of a capsid with icosahedral symmetry composed of 72 capsomeres in forming star-shaped pentamers and measuring 55-66 nm.…”

Molecular Epidemiology of Ovine Papillomavirus Infections Among Sheep in Southern Italy

“…Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mammals, reptiles, birds, and fish (1). In mammals, PV infections have been reported in wild and domestic, large, and small ruminants (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Table_1.docx

“…At present, 29 genotypes of bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are known to infect large ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes (3,5). In small ruminants, Capra hircus papillomavirus type 1 (ChPV1) and ChPV2 are the only two caprine genotypes responsible for PV-associated diseases in goats (1,8). Speciesspecific PV infections are also known to occur in sheep.…”