Genomic characterisation of human monkeypox virus in Nigeria

Abstract

Capabilities (TARMAC) initiative and the Defense Biological Product Assurance Office (DBPAO) through a task order award to the National Strategic Research Institute, FA4600-12-D-9000. All the outbreak control teams were made up of staff from the

Monkeypox — Enhancing public health preparedness for an emerging lethal human zoonotic epidemic threat in the wake of the smallpox post-eradication era

“…Faye et al, 2018). Available data suggest that human cases are not epidemiologically linked in the current outbreak, and that it is either a multisource outbreak with limited human to human transmission or an outbreak that has arisen from increased human contact with previously undetected endemically infected humans (Nigeria CDC, 2018;Durski et al, 2018a;Faye et al, 2018). The exact zoonotic origin and the specific role(s) of environmental and ecological factors in the Nigeria outbreak are not yet known.…”

“…This included targeted epidemiological and research investigations at high-risk areas at the Human-Environmental-Animal interface, enhanced laboratory diagnostic and rapid sequencing capacities, assessment of risk factors and modes of transmission. Faye et al, 2018). Available data suggest that human cases are not epidemiologically linked in the current outbreak, and that it is either a multisource outbreak with limited human to human transmission or an outbreak that has arisen from increased human contact with previously undetected endemically infected humans (Nigeria CDC, 2018;Durski et al, 2018a;Faye et al, 2018).…”

“…Human-to-human transmission has been reported from primary human cases, secondary cases Jezek et al, 1986) and serial transmission across four cases has been observed (Nolen et al, 2016). In the current monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria, genomic studies on monkeypox virus isolates from human cases (Faye et al, 2018) suggest that the index case was not imported into Nigeria. Current evidence suggests that the outbreak is caused by multiple source emergence into the human population, and not sustained by human to human transmission.…”

A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria

“…Nigeria experienced two outbreaks of human monkeypox, the first being in 1971 and the second in 1978, where three confirmed cases were reported . Other outbreaks occurred in Sudan in 2005 (19 cases), the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009 (2 cases), and recently in the Central African Republic in 2016‐2017 (31 cases) . In the western hemisphere, an outbreak of febrile illness with vesiculopustular eruptions was reported in the United States of America in 2003, where 72 confirmed or suspected cases were documented, which shows the propensity for MPXV transmission to naïve population and its ability to emerge outside its normal ecological range .…”

“…Although the index case and two of the siblings had reported contact with a monkey in their neighborhood, it was very difficult to ascertain if that monkey was the source of infection, especially as it had no history of the illness. Thereafter, 262 suspected and 115 confirmed cases, with seven mortalities, were reported from 26 states and the FCT (Figure and Table ) . The infected persons were mostly between the ages of 20 and 39 years (median age 30 years) with a male–to‐female ratio of 2.5 to 1, and of the seven patients who succumbed to the disease, four had immunosuppression .…”