Genomic Epidemiology in Filarial Nematodes: Transforming the Basis for Elimination Program Decisions

Hedtke, Shannon M.; Kuesel, Annette C.; Crawford, Katie E; Graves, Patricia M.; Boussinesq, Michel; Lau, Colleen L.; Boakye, Daniel; Grant, Warwick N.

doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01282

Cited by 36 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 221 publications

(276 reference statements)

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“…Samoa) was not a major risk factor at the time of the present study. A plausible explanation for this finding is that the two Samoas represent a single transmission zone (common pool of infection) with little difference between them in the persisting risk of infection [35]. At present, it may not be necessary to include parasite importation in spatial transmission models for American Samoa [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014

et al. 2020

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Background: Prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) antigen in American Samoa was 16.5% in 1999. Seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) programmes between 2000 and 2006 reduced antigen prevalence to 2.3%. The most efficient methods of surveillance after MDA are not clear, but testing specific at-risk groups such as adults may provide earlier warning of resurgence. The role of migration from LF endemic countries in maintaining transmission also needs investigation. Few studies have investigated knowledge about LF and how that relates to infection risk. This study aims to investigate associations between socio-demographics, population mobility, disease knowledge and LF infection risk. Methods: In 2014, we surveyed 670 adults aged 16-68 years (62% female) at two worksites in American Samoa. Sera were tested for LF antigen and antibodies (Bm14 and Wb123) by rapid test and/or ELISA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess association between seromarkers and demographic factors, household socioeconomic status (SES), residence, travel history, and knowledge of LF. Results: Overall, 1.8% of participants were positive for antigen, 11.8% for Bm14, 11.3% for Wb123 and 17.3% for at least one antibody. Recent travel outside American Samoa was not associated with positivity for any seromarker. Men had higher seroprevalence than women for all outcomes (any antibody: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.49 (95% CI: 2.21-5.49). Those aged over 35 years (compared to 15-24 years) had higher prevalence of Bm14 antibody (aOR = 3.75, 3.76 and 4.17 for ages 35-44, 45-54 and ≥ 55 years, respectively, P < 0.05). Lower SES was associated with seropositivity (antigen: aOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.09-7.69; either antibody: aOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.12-2.05). Those who knew that mosquitoes transmitted LF had lower Wb123 antibody prevalence (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.95). Conclusions: Opportunistic sampling of adults at worksites provided an efficient and representative way to assess prevalence and risk factors for LF in American Samoa and in hindsight, foreshadowed the resurgence of transmission. Risk of LF infection, detected by one or more serological markers, was not related to recent travel history, but was strongly associated with male gender, older age, lower SES, and lack of knowledge about mosquito transmission. These results could guide future efforts to increase MDA participation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014

et al. 2020

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“…TZs are defined as "a geographical area where transmission of Onchocerca volvulus occurs by locally breeding vectors". 32,84 This has worked well in South America 12 and Uganda 85 where TZs are fairly small and well separated from others. However, this is very problematic in much of Africa because there are often no obvious gaps in the distribution of infections which might indicate TZ boundaries.…”

Section: Detection Of Parasites In Black Flies By Pool-screeningmentioning

confidence: 95%

<p>Onchocerciasis Elimination: Progress and Challenges</p>

Lakwo¹,

Oguttu²,

Ukety

et al. 2020

RRTM

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Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted through the bites of black flies of the genus Similium that breed in rivers and streams. The impact of mass treatment with ivermectin and supplemented by vector control in some countries has changed the global scene of onchocerciasis. There has been reported progress made in elimination of onchocerciasis in central and southern American countries and in some localities in Africa. The target for elimination in the Americas has been set at 2022 while for 12 countries in Africa this is expected in 2030. This review was conducted to examine the current status of onchocerciasis elimination at the global level and report on progress made. Literature searches were made through PubMed, articles in English or English abstracts, reports and any other relevant articles related to the subject. The global burden of onchocerciasis is progressively reducing and is no longer a public health problem in some regions. However, programs are challenged with a range of issues: cross-border transmission, diagnostic tools, Loa loa co-endemicity, limited workforce in entomology and maintaining enthusiasm among community drug distributors. More concerted effort using appropriate tools is required to overcome the challenges.

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“…Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a disease caused by three parasite species: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [119]; W. bancrofti is responsible for around 90% of reported cases [120]. The disease is caused by the bite of mosquitos infected by filarial nematode larvae [121].…”

Section: Lymphatic Filariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was established in 2000 after WHO resolution WHA 50.29 had been adopted at its 1997 assembly (along with five other infectious diseases, as being eradicable or potentially eradicable). The objective was to eliminate the disease by 2020 by interrupting the disease's transmission and dissemination by mass drug administration (MDA), managing morbidity and preventing disabilities [119][120][121]123,124].…”

Section: Lymphatic Filariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bite [132]. The immunological reaction produced by the death of microfilaria is the mayor cause of morbidity; this is characterised by itching, skin depigmentation and lesions and visual disability which can progress to blindness [119]. It has been estimated that around 37 million people could be infected and 200 million at risk of contracting the infection [133].…”

Section: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification as Point-of-Care Diagnosis for Neglected Parasitic Infections

Avendaño

Patarroyo

2020

IJMS

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The World Health Organisation (WHO) has placed twenty diseases into a group known as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), twelve of them being parasitic diseases: Chagas’ disease, cysticercosis/taeniasis, echinococcosis, food-borne trematodiasis, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis (river blindness), schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis), guinea-worm and scabies. Such diseases affect millions of people in developing countries where one of the main problems concerning the control of these diseases is diagnosis-based due to the most affected areas usually being far from laboratories having suitable infrastructure and/or being equipped with sophisticated equipment. Advances have been made during the last two decades regarding standardising and introducing techniques enabling diagnoses to be made in remote places, i.e., the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. This technique’s advantages include being able to perform it using simple equipment, diagnosis made directly in the field, low cost of each test and the technique’s high specificity. Using this technique could thus contribute toward neglected parasite infection (NPI) control and eradication programmes. This review describes the advances made to date regarding LAMP tests, as it has been found that even though several studies have been conducted concerning most NPI, information is scarce for others.

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Genomic Epidemiology in Filarial Nematodes: Transforming the Basis for Elimination Program Decisions

Cited by 36 publications

References 221 publications

Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014

Demographic, socioeconomic and disease knowledge factors, but not population mobility, associated with lymphatic filariasis infection in adult workers in American Samoa in 2014

<p>Onchocerciasis Elimination: Progress and Challenges</p>

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification as Point-of-Care Diagnosis for Neglected Parasitic Infections

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