Genomic Rearrangement and Recombination of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Like Virus P1 in China

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and it has been associated with porcine circovirus (associated) disease (PCVD or PCVAD) in pigs. PCVAD is the generic term for a series of disease syndromes that have caused economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, the virus has continued to evolve, and novel genotypes have continued to appear. Moreover, there has been recombination between different genotypes of PCV2. This review attempts to illustrate some progress concerning PCV2 in genome rearrangement and genomic recombination with non-PCV2-related nucleic acids, particularly focusing on the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 formed by the recombination of PCV2. The presence of rearranged PCV2 genomes can be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and these subviral molecules ranged from 358 to 1,136 bp. Depending on whether it has the ability to encode a protein, the agents formed by PCV2 recombination can be divided into two categories: porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents. We mainly discuss the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 regarding genomic characterization, etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research needs to be conducted on the pathogenicity of other porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents and the effects of their interactions with PCV2, especially for the porcine circovirus-like mini agents that do not have protein-coding functions in the genome.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in Tibetan pigs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

“…Moreover, a novel circovirus was discovered in the Inner Mongolia [9] and Guangxi [4] provinces of China in the last 2 years and named PCV4, this virus shared 36.9-73.8% sequence similarity with other circoviruses, showing that new mutations had occurred in these viruses. In addition to, the differences between the allocation of samples to each of the three genotypes using the Cap gene and full-length sequences reminds us the possibility of reassortment should be considered, which have been found in PCV2 [38]. Therefore, further investigation of genetic diversity should be carried out to determine whether this is recombination in PCV3.…”

A Novel Virus-Like Agent Originated From Genome Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Enhances PCV2 Replication and Regulates Intracellular Redox Status In Vitro

“…Interestingly, the disease caused by P1 was different from PCV2-induced PMWS ( Wen et al., 2012e ). We have described many rearranged genomes of PCV2 ( Wen et al., 2013 ; Wen and He, 2021 ), but, to date, only the rPCV2 sequences have been analyzed and no further studies on rPCV2 have been performed.…”

Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022

“…PCV2 is a small, circular, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Circoviridae, genus Circoviruse [ 14 ]. ORF1 and ORF2 are two major ORFs situated on opposite strands that respectively encode Rep and Cap proteins [ 15 ]. PRV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA herpesvirus belonging to the Varicellovirus genus of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesviridae family [ 16 ].…”