Genomic structure and evolutionary conservation of the tyrosinase gene family from Fugu

Camacho‐Hübner, Agnès; Richard, Christelle; Beermann, Friedrich

doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00411-0

Cited by 35 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The tyrosinase family consists of three members, tyrosinase, TYRP1, and DCT (formerly tyrosinase-related protein 2), with conservation throughout the vertebrate lineage (6,7,24). Whereas many mutations, including null mutations, are known at the mouse tyrosinase locus (formerly the c or albino locus) and at the Tyrp1 locus (former the b or brown locus) (http: //www.informatics.jackson.org), only three mutations have been described at the third locus, Dct (former the slaty locus) (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gene coding for DCT (Dct) has been identified in many species, including nonmammalian vertebrates such as chickens, Xenopus, and puffer fish (1,6,24). In mice, in situ hybridization assays and transgenic lacZ reporter gene assays have provided evidence that Dct is specifically expressed in cells of the pigment cell lineage, namely melanocytes and melanoblasts, and cells of the RPE (25,36,43).…”

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Melanocytes and Pigmentation Are Affected in Dopachrome Tautomerase Knockout Mice

Guyonneau¹,

Murisier

Rossier

et al. 2004

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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The tyrosinase family comprises three members, tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct). Null mutations and deletions at the Tyr and Tyrp1 loci are known and phenotypically affect coat color due to the absence of enzyme or intracellular mislocalization. At the Dct locus, three mutations are known that lead to pigmentation phenotype. However, these mutations are not null mutations, and we therefore set out to generate a null allele at the Dct gene locus by removing exon 1 of the mouse Dct gene. Mice deficient in Dct [Dct tm1(Cre)Bee ] lack Dct mRNA and dopachrome tautomerase protein. They are viable and do not show any abnormalities in Dct-expressing sites such as skin, retinal pigment epithelium, or brain. However, the mice show a diluted coat color phenotype, which is due to reduced melanin content in hair. Primary melanocytes from Dct knockout mice are viable in culture and show a normal distribution of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. In comparison to the knockout, the slaty mutation (Dct slt /Dct slt ) has less melanin and affects growth of primary melanocytes severely. In summary, we have generated a knockout of the Dct gene in mice with effects restricted to pigment production and coat color.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Melanocytes and Pigmentation Are Affected in Dopachrome Tautomerase Knockout Mice

Guyonneau¹,

Murisier

Rossier

et al. 2004

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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“…The GFP signal can then be utilized to isolate melanophores via flow cytometry. We chose to use the promoter of the Fugu rubripes Tyrosinase-related Protein 1 gene (tyrp1) to direct GFP expression in zebrafish because the promoter is small and has been proved to work in mouse transgenesis (Camacho-Hubner et al, 2002). In vertebrates, TYRP1, Tyrosinase, and Dopachrome tautomerase are enzymes required for melanin synthesis and are specifically expressed in melanocytes or melanophores (del Marmol and Beermann, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fugu tyrp1 promoter directs specific GFP expression in zebrafish: tools to study the RPE and the neural crest‐derived melanophores

Zou

Beermann²,

Wang³

et al. 2006

Pigment Cell Research

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SUMMARYIn vertebrates, pigment cells account for a small percentage of the total cell population and they intermingle with other cell types. This makes it difficult to isolate them for analyses of their functions in the context of development. To alleviate such difficulty, we generated two stable transgenic zebrafish lines (pt101 and pt102) that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in melanophores under the control of the 1 kb Fugu tyrp1 promoter. In pt101, GFP is expressed in both retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the neural crest-derived melanophores (NCDM), whereas in pt102, GFP is predominately expressed in the NCDM. Our results indicate that the Fugu tyrp1 promoter can direct transgene expression in a cell-type-specific manner in zebrafish. In addition, our findings provide evidence supporting differential regulations of melanin-synthesizing genes in RPE cells and the NCDM in zebrafish. Utilizing the varying GFP expression levels in these fish, we have isolated melanophores via flow cytometry and revealed the capability of sorting the NCDM from RPE cells as well. Thus, these transgenic lines are useful tools to study melanophores in zebrafish.

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“…As outlined in Chapter 3, tyrosinases also contribute to calcified structures, such as molluscan shells (Nagai et al 2007, Mann et al 2012, Marie et al 2012b, Zhang et al 2012. Despite the broad distribution and importance of type-3 copper proteins, the evolution of this superfamily has only been studied in detail in plants (catechol oxidases) and specific animal lineages, including chordates (tyrosinases and tyrosinase relatedproteins), arthropods (tyrosinases and hemocyanins) (Morrison et al 1994, Sturm et al 1995, Burmester and Scheller 1996, Decker and Terwilliger 2000, Lieb et al 2001, Burmester 2002, Camacho-Hubner et al 2002, Esposito et al 2012, Tran et al 2012) and molluscs (tyrosinases) (Chapter 3).…”

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“…In chordates, gene structure and phylogenetic analyses suggest that tyrosinase arose from a single ancestral gene (Jackson 1994, Morrison et al 1994, Sturm et al 1995 that duplicated before the divergence of urochordate and vertebrate lineages (Sato and Yamamoto 2001), leading to genes encoding tyrosinase and tyrosinase related-proteins. The latter then duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, giving rise to tyrosinase related-proteins 1 and 2 (Morrison et al 1994, Camacho-Hubner et al 2002, Esposito et al 2012. In chordates, tyrosinase related-proteins are grouped within the vertebrate tyrosinase gene family, although not all these genes have tyrosinase activity (e.g.…”

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Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

Aguilera¹

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Since the emergence of shell-bearing molluscs in the Early Cambrian, diverse shell forms have evolved. Modern molluscs are renowned for a highly complex and robust shell, which is the product of the orchestrated expression of genes and secretion of a large number of proteins and other macromolecules from the epithelium of a specialised organ called the mantle. Molluscan shells display remarkable morphological diversity, structure and ornamentation, however the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution and formation of the shell remain largely unknown. In this thesis, I seek to investigate the nature of the mantle transcriptome focussing on the timing of origin of genes expressed in the mantle and the evolutionary history of gene families that encode secreted proteins in representatives of bivalve and gastropod species.First, by comparative transcriptomics of the mantle, I determined the origin and evolution of gene families expressed in this organ. Gene origin analyses show that most genes expressed in the mantle are taxon-restricted innovations (i.e. unique to a particular species), although a large number of genes arose along the stems leading to the bilaterian and molluscan last common ancestors. Focussing on gene families that encode secreted proteins that are likely to be embedded within the shell and/or to regulate shell construction, I found that these are comprised of both ancient and lineage-specific gene families. The evolution of these gene families is highly dynamic with prolific gene family gains and losses over evolutionary time. By comparing sequences, I also detected indications of positively selected gene families over molluscan evolution. These gene families show unique patterns of enrichment of protein domains, and presumably molecular functions, that are taxa-specific, suggesting that bivalves and gastropods use almost completely different secretory repertoire to construct their shells.I then focused on an ancient gene family expressed in the molluscan mantles -the tyrosinase gene family -to understand how a conserved gene family has been co-opted into the biomineralisation pathway. I found no evidence of large-scale expansion of tyrosinase genes in gastropods, whereas tyrosinase genes in bivalves have undergone substantial independent gene expansions in at least two lineages (Pinctada spp. and Crassostrea gigas), and that the resulting gene duplicates have been co-opted into the mantle gene regulatory network. Many of the tyrosinase genes are found in clusters within the genomes and are expressed at relatively high levels in the mantle. Detailed 3 comparisons of tyrosinase gene expression in different regions of the mantle in two closely related pearl oysters, P. maxima and P. margaritifera, reveal that recently evolved orthologous genes have unique expression profiles across the mantle with high expression levels at the distal mantle edge, suggesting roles in colouration and/or prismatic shell layer construction. Differences in expression levels are consistent with the rapid evo...

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Genomic structure and evolutionary conservation of the tyrosinase gene family from Fugu

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Melanocytes and Pigmentation Are Affected in Dopachrome Tautomerase Knockout Mice

Melanocytes and Pigmentation Are Affected in Dopachrome Tautomerase Knockout Mice

The Fugu tyrp1 promoter directs specific GFP expression in zebrafish: tools to study the RPE and the neural crest‐derived melanophores

Investigation of gene family evolution and the molecular basis of shell formation in molluscs

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