Genomic Variation in IbA10G2 and Other Patient-Derived Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes

Sikora, Per; Andersson, S.; Winiecka-Krusnell, Jadwiga; Hallström, Björn M.; Alsmark, Cecilia; Troell, Karin; Beser, Jessica; Arrighi, Romanico B. G.

doi:10.1128/jcm.01798-16

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Elsewhere in the world, Ik subtypes have been identified in horses in Algeria and Brazil (Laatamna et al, 2015 ; Inacio et al, 2017 ), indicating this subtype family is a host-adapted C. hominis with only limited public health significance. This was supported recently by WGS analysis of a human Ik isolate from Sweden, which showed that it has a much more divergent genome compared with common C. hominis subtypes (Sikora et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Characteristics and Distribution Of Cryptosporidiumentioning

confidence: 73%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

2017

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Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is an active research area in China. The use of genotyping and subtyping tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. Human cryptosporidiosis in China is exemplified by the high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. at species and subtype levels, with dominant C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes being rarely detected in other countries. Similarly, preweaned dairy calves, lambs, and goat kids are mostly infected with non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis in calves and C. xiaoi in lambs and goat kids), with C. parvum starting to appear in dairy calves as a consequence of concentrated animal feeding operations. The latter Cryptosporidium species is dominated by IId subtypes, with IIa subtypes largely absent from the country. Unlike elsewhere, rodents in China appear to be commonly infected with C. parvum IId subtypes, with identical subtypes being found in these animals, calves, other livestock, and humans. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens appear to be significant contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water sources, as reflected by the frequent detection of C. suis, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis in water samples. Chinese scientists have also made significant contributions to the development of new molecular epidemiological tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and improvements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the emergence of hyper-transmissible and virulent C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes. Despite this progress, coordinated research efforts should be made to address changes in Cryptosporidium transmission because of rapid economic development in China and to prevent the introduction and spread of virulent and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in farm animals.

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Section: Characteristics and Distribution Of Cryptosporidiumentioning

confidence: 73%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

2017

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“…Limitations of this study included that WGS could only be performed on Cryptosporidium infections present in high quantity and was only done for children 9–11 months of age. Therefore, the results of this work likely do not completely reflect the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium infections in this community or in other populations [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis in a Bangladeshi Community as Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Gilchrist

Cotton

Burkey

et al. 2018

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…Of relevance regarding C. hominis infections in Africa, is that subtype IbA10G2, which is associated with most outbreaks in industrialized countries (22,(61)(62)(63), and has been described as being hyper-virulent (55,61,62), despite evidence for differences in clinical symptoms or advanced transmission within gp60 allele families being weak, seems to occur rarely in Africa. It was not found in a subtyping performed with the GEMS study samples (54), and has been reported only sporadically in surveys Among the 32 articles investigating Cryptosporidium in animals in Africa included by Squire and Ryan (52), 16 (50%) reported on cattle and 4 reported on sheep or goats; in the additional articles that we identified, 8 reported on cattle and 7 on sheep and/or goats.…”

Section: Cryptosporidium Infections In Africa: Distributions Of Specimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This reduces the likelihood of animal-to-animal transmission (see previous section), and also animal-to-human transmission. Whether different species or subtypes of Cryptosporidium oocysts may have greater environmental robustness has been scarcely investigated, but a tentatively forwarded hypothesis (63) is that mutation in the COWP9 gene, which as other genes in the COWP family are associated with oocyst wall formation (159) may affect robustness, and thus transmission possibilities.…”

Section: Is the African Environment More Detrimental To Oocyst Survival?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa—How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection characterized by profuse watery diarrhea. Over 30 species of Cryptosporidium are recognized, some host specific whereas others infect a broader host range. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the species most commonly associated with human infection; C. hominis is largely associated only with human infections, but C. parvum is also associated with infection in animals, especially young ruminants. In some regions, cryptosporidiosis is a serious veterinary problem, particularly for calves, and lambs. Many outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis have been associated with zoonotic transmission following contact with infected animals. In Africa, where cryptosporidiosis is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, evidence suggests transmission is principally anthroponotic. Given the frequent close contact between humans and animals in Africa, the apparent predominance of human-to-human transmission is both interesting and puzzling. In this article, after a brief "text book" introduction to the parasite, we consider in separate sections the different aspects of relevance to Cryptosporidium transmission in African countries, describing different aspects of the various species and subtypes in human and animal infections, considering livestock management practices in different African countries, and looking for any characteristic "hot spots" where zoonotic transmission has apparently occurred. Studies where transmission networks have been investigated are particularly relevant. Finally, in a separate section, we try to gather these different strands of evidence together in order to assess the reasons behind the apparent predominance of anthroponotic transmission in Africa. Reviewing the available evidence provides an opportunity to rethink transmission pathways, not only in Africa but also elsewhere, and also to pose questions. Does the predominance of human-to-human transmission in Africa reflect a relative absence of zoonotic C. parvum in African livestock? Are Africans less susceptible to zoonotic Robertson et al. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Transmission in Africa Cryptosporidium infection, perhaps resulting from early immunostimulation by C. hominis or due to inherent genetic traits? Is the African environment-in all its variety-simply more detrimental to oocyst survival? Will the so-called hypertransmissible subtypes, currently relatively rare in Africa, be introduced from Europe or elsewhere, and, if so, will they fade out or establish and spread? Our intention with this manuscript is not only to summarize and consolidate diverse data, thereby providing an overview of data gaps, but also to provide food for thought regarding transmission of a parasite that continues to have a considerable impact on both human and animal health.

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Genomic Variation in IbA10G2 and Other Patient-Derived Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis in a Bangladeshi Community as Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa—How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence

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