“…Only about 1-2% of the environmental isolates are KP+, while the overwhelming majority of clinical isolates are KP+ (Sakazaki et al, 1968;Miyamoto et al, 1969;Nishibuchi & Kaper, 1995;Drake et al, 2007;Levin, 2010). A number of virulence factors have been determined for V. parahaemolyticus and include toxins TDH, TRH, cellular adhesion promoters such as flagella and capsule, urease production, which has a strong correlation with the presence of trh, a siderophore termed 'vibrioferrin', as well as a pathogenicity island and a type III secretion system (Yeung & Boor, 2004;Drake et al, 2007;Levin, 2010;Broberg et al, 2011;Dziejman & Yildiz, 2011). For a recent review of pathogenicity determinants in V. parahaemolyticus, see Broberg et al (2011).…”