Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Pyrethroid Insecticides λ-Cyhalothrin and α-Cypermethrin on Human Blood Lymphocyte Culture

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the genotoxic, cytotoxic and aneugenic effects of 1, 2, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30 μM concentrations of the insecticides λ-cyhalothrin (LCT) and α-cypermethrin (CYP) on human peripheral blood lymphocyte culture using micronucleus (MN) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) methods. All the concentrations were tested to assess the MN and apoptosis effects, and 1 and 2 μM LCT and 7.5 and 15 μM CYP concentrations were tested for FISH analysis. The cytotoxic effect was also observed using trypan blue and the acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescence staining method to measure the apoptotic effect. It was observed that both of the insecticides had a cytotoxic effect at all the concentrations (p ≤ 0.001) and apoptotic effect for LCT at 15-30 μM (p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.01) for CYP between 2 and 30 μM concentrations (p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.01). The micronuclei that developed after exposure were induced because of an aneugenic effect (p ≤ 0.001). LCT and CYP might be spindle poisons or caused damaged to centromere/kinetochore function.

Pathway and kinetics of cyhalothrin biodegradation by Bacillus thuringiensis strain ZS-19

“…Although cyhalothrin has relatively low mammalian toxicity, there is still caution with regard to human exposure 8 11 . A number of studies have demonstrated that large dose exposures in mammals may cause significant toxicity and health effects, including neurotoxicity 12 , genotoxicity 13 14 , cytotoxicity 14 15 , and endocrine disruption which can damage mammalian reproduction 16 17 18 . Furthermore, chronic exposure to cyhalothrin even low level exposures may be associated with an elevated risk of mutagenicity 19 , carcinogenicity 20 , as well as childhood leukemia 21 .…”

Nuclear Abnormalities in Erythrocytes of Frogs from Wetlands and Croplands of Western Ghats Indicate Environmental Contaminations

“…Although the reason and mechanism for appearance of blebbed, lobed, kidney shaped and notched nucleus are not clear, the presence of MN could indicate the genotoxic effect of agro-chemicals. Pesticides λ-cyhalothrin [17] and cypermethrin [18] are known to induce micronucleus and nuclear shape abnormalities. Hence high incidences of MN observed among the frogs of site 1 may be due to genotoxicity induced by continuous exposure of frogs to agro-chemicals.…”

“…The use of sensor organisms reveals the status of the dynamic scenario of environmental contamination and their biological effect [4]. Fluctuations in population attributes, deviation in their biological process, and nuclear and genetic abnormalities in particular have been considered as in indication of environmental contamination of toxicant in their habitats [17,18,19]. Therefore, frogs and toad are studied for various biomarkers of effects of xenobiotics and toxicants [4,19].…”

Tratamento Sustentável De Resíduos Sólidos Orgânicos De Diferentes Origens Pelo Processo De Compostagem Em Larga Escala

“…A Cp também pode induzir uma variedade de efeitos neurotóxicos, imunotóxicos, genotóxicos, embriotóxicos e fetotóxicos, em vários sistemas experimentais já testados (CANTURATTI et al 2008;MURANLI, 2013). A sua toxicidade reprodutiva também é uma grande preocupação, considerando que a espermatogênese humana pode ser vulnerável à exposição crônica de produtos químicos, mesmo que em baixíssimas concentrações (SINGH et al, 2014).…”