Genotoxic, Histopathological and Oxidative Stress Responses in Catfish, Clarias gariepinus , Exposed to Two Antifouling Paints

Abstract

Background.Antifouling paints are enriched with biocides and employed in the maritime industry to protect moving and fixed surfaces from fouling activities of sea dwelling invertebrates. There is limited information on their effect on the non-target African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, a commonly consumed fish in Lagos.Objectives.This study investigated the effects of two commonly used antifouling paints (Berger TBT-free (A/F783 (H)), reddish brown color and Silka Marine lead based paint, pale orange color) on a non-target catfish species, Clarias gariepinus.Methods.The study involved an initial 96-hour acute toxicity assay followed by chronic toxicity evaluation (using 1/10th and 1/100th 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) values) for 28 days to determine the ability of the paints to induce micronucleus and red blood cell abnormalities, and histopathological as well as oxidative stress effects in the catfish.Examined anti-oxidative stress enzyme activities include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST).Results.Acute toxicity evaluation results indicated that the Berger paint was 16.1-times more toxic than Silka paint with 96-hour LC50 values of 0.71 mg/L and 11.49 mg/L, respectively. Results from the biochemical assay indicated significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, in Silka-exposed catfish compared to the control. All enzymes showed significantly higher activities in Berger paint-exposed catfish compared to the control. There was evidence of micronucleated and binucleated cells in the red blood cells of fish exposed to both paints. Histopathological assessment indicated that the exposed fish gills showed evidence of abnormalities such as curved lamellae epithelial necrosis, epithelial lifting and hyperplasia. The liver samples of the catfish showed evidence of portal inflammation as well as mild to severe steatosis, while the gonads showed varying percentages of follicle degeneration.Conclusions.The present study combined an array of biomarkers to determine the negative health impacts of two commonly used antifouling paints on non-target catfish inhabiting Lagos Lagoon. Further in situ studies are recommended to determine the current status of the lagoon fish.Ethics Approval.Ethical approval was obtained from the Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Post-Graduate Committee. Note that this work commenced before the establishment of the University of Lagos Ethical Committee for the use of animals and humans in scientific studies. The committee does not give retroactive approval but stands by existing approvals before its establishment. However, this study followed the World Medical Association principles on the treatment of animals used in research (https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-on-animal-use-in-biomedical-research/), and also American Fisheries Society Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research (https://fisheries.org/policy-media/science-guidelines/guidelines-for-th...

Sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and paraquat induce genotoxic and histological effects in the Clarias gariepinus

“…Pesticides use has increased the exposure of organisms inhabiting the aquatic environment [ 11 ] causing hazardous effects to non-target organisms [ 12 ], disrupting the food chain, modifying the food web and causing instability in the ecosystem [ 13 ]. Biomarkers such as micronuclei (MN) induction indicating genotoxic effects and histopathological changes have been utilized as indices of toxicant exposure or effect in Clarias gariepinus [ 14 , 15 ], other fish species [ 16 , 17 ] and animals [ 18 ]. Fragmentation and/or MN induction results from alterations in erythrocyte nuclei [ 19 ] which could lead to growth retardation, abnormal development and deleterious effects at population and community levels [ 17 , 20 ].…”

High‐throughput metabolomics method based on liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry: Insights into the underlying mechanisms of salinity–alkalinity exposure‐induced metabolites changes in Barbus capito

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Oxidative Stress Potential, Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides on Clarias gariepinus (Cat Fish)

“…The blood was then smeared on glass slides per concentration. According to the method used by George et al [14], the smeared slides were airdried overnight at room temperature, then, fixed in absolute ethanol and allowed to dry for 15 minutes. They were stained with May-Grunwald stain for 10 minutes, and then counter stained with 5% Giemsa for another 10 minutes, rinsed very slightly through tap water and allowed to dry.…”

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