Genotoxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid tested in somatic and germ-line cells of Drosophila

Biochemical and histological alterations of cellular metabolism from jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Effects on d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

“…Previous studies show that 2,4D has a genotoxic effect both in the somatic and germ-line cells of Drosophila (Tripathy, 1993). Others studies show an important decrease in foetal body weights and increased foetal variations in rats exposed to 2,4D (Jeffrey et al, 2001).…”

2,4‐Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure (2,4‐D) einschl. Salze und Ester [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1994]

“…Zwei positive Chromosomenaberrations-Studien wurden mit Herbiziden erhalten (Adhikari und Grover 1988;Turkula und Jalal 1987), wobei die Studien gravierende Mängel in der Versuchsdurchführung aufweisen, wie zu kurze Untersuchungszeit, zu kleine Tierzahlen, zu wenig untersuchte Zellen. Positive Ergebnisse wurden auch dann gefunden, wenn Herbizidformulierun- Andersen et al 1972Andersen et al 1972Waters et al 1980Shirasu et al 1976Waters et al 1980Shirasu et al 1976Rashid und Mumma 1986Rashid und Mumma 1986Waters et al 1980Mersch-Sundermann et al 1989Simmon et al 1977Waters et al 1980Siebert und Lemperle 1974Kappas 1988Pavlica et al 1991b Mustonen et al 1986 Schop et al 1990Tripathy et al 1993Magnusson et al 1977Zimmering et al 1985Tripathy et al 1993Vogel und Chandler 1974Ramel und Magnusson 1979Woodruff et al 1983 # Substanz nicht näher spezifiziert; 1 ) Mikrokerntest; 2 ) Schwesterchromatidaustausch; 3 ) Chromosomenaberrationen; 4 ) Test auf somatische Mutation und Rekombination; 5 ) Test auf X-chromosomale rezessive Letalmutation gen eingesetzt oder die verwendeten Substanzen nicht genau charakterisiert waren. Positive Resultate wurden nur bei hohen Konzentrationen ab 2 mM beobachtet.…”

Herbicides in Argentina. Comparative Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects on Mammalian Cells Exerted by Auxinic Members

“…Similar end-points for both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were also applied in in vivo systems. 2,4-D has been reported to induce mutations in plants (Kumari & Vaidyanath, 1989) as well as in insects (Tripathy et al, 1993;Graf & Wurler, 1996;Kaya et al, 1999) but not in mice exposed in vivo (Knaap et al, 2003). Ateeq and co-workers (2005) reported an increased frequency DNA single-strand breaks in piscine erythrocytes and in the peripheral lymphocytes of a group of agricultural workers occupationally exposed to the herbicide (Garaj-Vrhovac & Zeljezic, 2001).…”

“…It is produced in a variety of forms, including: acid, salt, amine and ester. While at low concentrations 2,4-D acts as an auxin analogue promoting plant growth, increasing cell-wall plasticity, biosynthesis of proteins and the production of ethylene, at high concentrations it is lethal and is employed as herbicide against broad-leafed and woody plants (Sinton et al, 1986;Devine, 1993;Tripathy et al, 1993). Worldwide, it is the most extensively used herbicide, and third most widely employed in the United States (www.epa.gov).…”