Genotoxicity of chloroacetamide herbicides and their metabolites <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>

Ma, Xinyan; Zhang, Ying; Guan, Mingyang; Zhang, Weidong; Tian, Huifang; Jiang, Caixiao; Tan, Xin; Kang, Weijun

doi:10.3892/ijmm.2021.4936

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The residual concentrations of acetochlor and its metabolite occurrence in aquatic ecosystems may induce adverse effects in non-target aquatic organisms. For example, acetochlor affects thyroid hormone levels [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], oxidative stress [ 37 , 38 ], antioxidant enzymes levels [ 39 , 40 ], histology [ 39 , 41 ], early development [ 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 42 ], immune system [ 42 ], and behaviour [ 38 , 41 ]. Moreover, acetochlor can be accumulated in organisms, posing a risk to the entire ecosystem through the food web [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Toxicity of Primary Metabolites of Chloroacetamide and Glyphosate to Early Life Stages of Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis

Tresnakova

Kubec

Stará

et al. 2022

Biology

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Degradation products of herbicides, alone and in combination, may affect non-target aquatic organisms via leaching or runoff from the soil. The effects of 50-day exposure of primary metabolites of chloroacetamide herbicide, acetochlor ESA (AE; 4 µg/L), and glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA; 4 µg/L), and their combination (AMPA + AE; 4 + 4 µg/L) on mortality, growth, oxidative stress, antioxidant response, behaviour, and gill histology of early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) were investigated. While no treatment effects were observed on cumulative mortality or early ontogeny, growth was significantly lower in all exposed groups compared with the control group. Significant superoxide dismutase activity was observed in exposure groups, and significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity only in the AMPA + AE group. The gill epithelium in AMPA + AE-exposed crayfish showed swelling as well as numerous unidentified fragments in interlamellar space. Velocity and distance moved in crayfish exposed to metabolites did not differ from controls, but increased activity was observed in the AMPA and AE groups. The study reveals the potential risks of glyphosate and acetochlor herbicide usage through their primary metabolites in the early life stages of marbled crayfish.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Toxicity of Primary Metabolites of Chloroacetamide and Glyphosate to Early Life Stages of Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis

Tresnakova

Kubec

Stará

et al. 2022

Biology

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“…Ma et al. showed chloroacetanilides can increase oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species level and trigger apoptosis [ 21 ]. Studies also showed that utilization of chloroacetanilides links to caner and Parkinson's disease [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV and temperature effects on chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicides degradation and cytotoxicity

Gideon¹,

Mulligan²,

Hui

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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The purpose of this study was to explore the stability and toxicity of the herbicides and their degradation byproduct after exposure to different environmental factors. Triazines (atrazine, propazine, simazine) and chloroacetanilides (acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor) which are commonly used herbicides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in different UV (254 nm and 365 nm) and temperature (4 °C, 23 °C, and 40 °C) conditions as well as degradation rates. Atrazine with the highest LD 50 (4.23 μg mL −1 ) was less toxic than the other tested triazine herbicides Chloroacetanilides tested were more toxic than tested triazines, with LD 50 0.08–1.42 μg mL −1 vs 1.44–4.23 μg mL −1 , respectively. Alachlor with LD 50 0.08 μg mL −1 showed the strongest toxic response as compared with other tested herbicides. Temperatures only did not alter cytotoxicity of the tested herbicides, except for acetochlor and alachlor showing about 45 % more cell death after exposure to 40 °C for 2 h. At all 3 tested temperatures, 2 h of UV treatments did not affect cytotoxic effects of the tested herbicides, except for acetochlor and alachlor. At 4 °C, acetochlor toxicity was attenuated about 63 % after UV 365 nm exposure; but alachlor toxicity was enhanced after either UV 254 or 365 nm exposure for about 40 % and 24 %, respectively. At 23 °C, acetochlor toxicity was enhanced about 35 % after UV 254 nm exposure, but attenuated about 48 % after UV 365 nm exposure. Alachlor toxicity was enhanced about 34 % after UV 254 nm and 23 °C exposure. In combination of UV 254 nm and 40 °C, acetochlor toxicity was lowered by 63 % and alachlor toxicity was no change as compared with 4 °C, no UV group. After co-treatment with UV 365 nm and 40 °C both acetochlor and alachlor toxicity was enhanced 55 % and 80 %, respectively. Through degradation analysis by LC-MS/MS, alachlor showed the most dramatic degradation (only 0.58 %–10.58 % remaining) after heat and UV treatments.

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Pre-emergence herbicides widely used in urban and farmland soils: fate, and potential human and environmental health risks

Parven,

Md Meftaul,

Venkateswarlu

et al. 2024

Environ Geochem Health

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We determined the distribution, fate, and health hazards of dimethenamid-P, metazachlor, and pyroxasulfone, the effective pre-emergence herbicides widely used both in urban and agricultural settings globally. The rate-determining phase of sorption kinetics of these herbicides in five soils followed a pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich isotherm model indicated that the herbicides primarily partition into heterogeneous surface sites on clay minerals and organic matter (OM) and diffuse into soil micropores. Principal component analysis revealed that soil OM (R2, 0.47), sand (R2, 0.56), and Al oxides (R2, 0.33) positively correlated with the herbicide distribution coefficient (Kd), whereas clay (R2, ‒ 0.43), silt (R2, ‒ 0.51), Fe oxides (R2, ‒ 0.02), alkaline pH (R2, ‒ 0.57), and EC (R2, ‒ 0.03) showed a negative correlation with the Kd values. Decomposed OM rich in C=O and C–H functional groups enhanced herbicide sorption, while undecomposed/partially-decomposed OM facilitated desorption process. Also, the absence of hysteresis (H, 0.27‒0.88) indicated the enhanced propensity of herbicide desorption in soils. Leachability index (LIX, < 0.02–0.64) and groundwater ubiquity score (GUS, 0.02‒3.59) for the soils suggested low to moderate leaching potential of the herbicides to waterbodies, indicating their impact on water quality, nontarget organisms, and food safety. Hazard quotient and hazard index data for human adults and adolescents suggested that exposure to soils contaminated with herbicides via dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation poses minimal to no non-carcinogenic risks. These insights can assist farmers in judicious use of herbicides and help the concerned regulatory authorities in monitoring the safety of human and environmental health. Graphical abstract

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Genotoxicity of chloroacetamide herbicides and their metabolites in vitro and in vivo

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Chronic Toxicity of Primary Metabolites of Chloroacetamide and Glyphosate to Early Life Stages of Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis

Chronic Toxicity of Primary Metabolites of Chloroacetamide and Glyphosate to Early Life Stages of Marbled Crayfish Procambarus virginalis

UV and temperature effects on chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicides degradation and cytotoxicity

Pre-emergence herbicides widely used in urban and farmland soils: fate, and potential human and environmental health risks

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