Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus—Old Genotype, New Threat

Zhang, Weijia; Xu, Chongxiao; Nie, Kai; Wang, Huanyu

doi:10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0016

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We used a 104 aa-long EDIII sequence that starts from position 297 and extends to position 400 of the whole E protein as an antigen ( Figure 3 (A)). Although GIII and GV JEVs share E protein structures, they may have distinct microstructures that could affect their antigenic properties due to mutations accumulated during their evolution into separate phylogenetic branches [ 36 ]. Indeed, the amino acid sequences of this domain from the GIII Nakayama and GV 43279 exhibited 91.3% homology ( Figure 3 (A)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

Kim,

Lee,

Moon

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

Kim,

Lee,

Moon

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…It is divided into five genotypes (G1-5) according to the E gene and whole genome [9,10]. G1, G3 and G5 JEV have been isolated in China [11,12]. JE is a vaccine-preventable disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiologocal investigation on the infected genotype in Japanese encephalitis patients in coastal areas of China

Zhang,

Zhao,

Yin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). G1, G3 and G5 JEV have been isolated in China, but the dominant genotype circulating in Chinese coastal areas remains unknown. Besides, the emergence of G5 JEV infection case in South Korea suggests a risk of G5 JEV transmission in epidemic areas. We search for G5 JEV infected case and try to understand which genotype of JEV was more relative to human Japanese encephalitis in coastal provinces of China. Methods In this study, we collected serum specimens of JE cases in three coastal provinces of China (Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shandong Province) from 2018 to 2020 and conducted JEV cross-neutralization test against genotype 1, 3 and 5 JEV. In the same serum specimen, if one neutralization antibody titer had a 4-fold difference with the other two, the case was considered infected by that genotype of JEV. Results The acute serum specimens of clinical reported JE cases were obtained for laboratory confirming from hospitals in Shandong (92 cases), Zhejiang (192 cases) and Guangdong (77 cases) of China from 2018 to 2020. 70 of total 361 serum specimens were laboratory confirmed JEV infection. 2 cases were confirmed infected by genotype 1 JEV, 32 cases were by genotype 3 JEV and 2 was by genotype 5 JEV. Conclusions The investigation found that there were genotype 1, 3 and 5 JEV infections in JE cases in coastal area of China from 2018 to 2020. Genotype 3 was the main infection genotype among JE cases who have the definite infection genotype, and the infection case caused by genotype 5 JEV was confirmed serologically in China.

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“…Subsequently, in 2010, genotype 5 was detected in mosquitoes from South Korea in East Asia. This emergence led to cases of adult viral encephalitis caused by genotype 5 JEV in the respective regions (Woo et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2022). In 2021, Australia, which is located in the South Pacific, experienced a sudden outbreak and fatalities due to infections that were attributed to genotype 4 JEV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The reemerging and outbreak of genotypes 4 and 5 of Japanese encephalitis virus

Zhang,

Yin,

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections.

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Genotype 5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus—Old Genotype, New Threat

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

Seroepidemiologocal investigation on the infected genotype in Japanese encephalitis patients in coastal areas of China

The reemerging and outbreak of genotypes 4 and 5 of Japanese encephalitis virus

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