Genotype Distribution and Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women in Samsun Province of Turkey

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC), the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer, is the fourth major death cause of women, showing an estimated 342,000 deaths and 604,000 new cases worldwide in 2020 (Sung et al.,2021). CC is increasing in number every year, and the patient population is getting younger. Thus, CC endangers women's life and health as a significant disease (Olusola et al., 2019). An essential step in human development and reproduction is to focus on women's health. We still focus on prevention at present due to CC. Hence, the factors affecting the development and occurrence of cervical cancer should be considered for our research and discussion.Human papillomavirus (HPV), the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally, negatively impacts personal social life (Chesson et al., 2014). HPV belongs to

Prevalence of Candida albicans in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Positive Women: A Study in Diyarbakır Province, Turkey

“…In this study, the most common HR-HPV genotype was HPV16 (70%), followed by HPV31 (21.6%). The data we obtained were compatible with other studies carried out in Turkey [ 2 , 22 , 27 ]. If the immune system fails to clear the HR-HPV types, infections will be associated with a high risk for cervical disease progression leading to cervical cancer [ 28 ].…”

“…The leading cause of cervical cancer has been revealed to be human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which has led to the recognition of CC as a malignancy with a preventable and treatable etiology. Currently, most countries support the prompt deployment of CC screening, using a thorough strategy that includes cervical cytology and HPV testing [ 2 ]. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that HPV vaccinations may significantly reduce the prevalence of HPV infections.…”

“…At the same time, HR-HPVs are associated with the development of various cancers, including anogenital cancers (such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and cervical cancers) as well as oropharyngeal cancers [ 4 ]. To date, about 200 genotypes of HPV have been identified, with approximately 40 of those infecting the genital tract [ 2 ]. Low-risk (LR) HPV types encompass a range of viral strains, namely, types 6, 11, 42, 43, 42, and 44.…”

“…is one of the sexually transmitted infectious agents and is a part of the human commensal flora, causing superficial and systemic infections. It has been suggested that these microorganisms alter the inflamed cervical epithelium, which increases the chance of HPV infection by enabling the virus to enter the basal cells of the epithelium [ 2 , 3 ]. Despite these hypothetical possibilities, it is currently unclear how HPV and Candida spp.…”

Status and epidemiological characteristics of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in multiple centers in Shenyang

“…For instance, a study in South Korea, comprising 18,170 women had a HR-HPV positive rate of 12.5% (Ouh et al, 2018). Similarly, a study in Turkey showed that the incidence rate of HR-HPV infection was ∼9.17% (Taskin et al, 2022). Meanwhile, in countries with relatively underdeveloped economies, such as sub-Sahara Africa and Bangladesh, the HR-HPV infection rate was 34% (Seyoum et al, 2022) and ∼41.86% (Sharmin et al, 2021), respectively.…”