Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Nigeria

Oni, Ayodele Ø.; Harrison, Tim J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199607)49:3<178::aid-jmv4>3.3.co;2-3

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A low prevalence of HCV also has been reported among other populations in sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria, 2% 3 and South Africa, 1.2% 12 ), but higher estimates have been reported in Zaire (6%), 13 Cameroon (6%), 2 and Mozambique (3.2%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…We also found a higher rate of discordance between the EIA-3 and RIBA-3 results than previously reported. 3,14 The low specificity and high levels of false-reactive results with the HCV EIA-3 among populations in tropical areas remain an important issue and might result from cross-reactivity with tropical pathogens or the presence of interfering substances that bind to the solid phase. The available HCV screening tests may be not suitable for routine serologic diagnosis of hepatitis C in African populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 Infection with HCV is usually asymptomatic, but may result in chronic hepatitis with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 4,5 Assays for the detection of antibodies against HCV proteins were developed soon after the viral genome was cloned in 1989.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus in the general population of northwest Tanzania.

Tess

Levin²,

Brubaker³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Sera from 516 participants enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study in northwest Tanzania were tested for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). The mean age of study subjects was 29 years (range ϭ 16-49 years); 43% were men, 6% reported a history of blood transfusion, and 4% were infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Although 53 of 516 sera (10.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 7.8-13.2%) were repeatedly reactive by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA-3), only 6 of the 53 were positive when tested with a thirdgeneration recombinant immunoblot assay (confirmed HCV seroprevalence ϭ 1.2%, 95% CI ϭ 0.4-2.5%). The positive predictive value of the HCV EIA-3 in this population was 18.8% (95% CI ϭ 7.0-36.4%). False positivity was not correlated with EIA-3 optical density values, age, sex, infection with HIV-1, or a history of blood transfusion, but it was marginally associated with increased serum IgG levels. We conclude that the prevalence of HCV is low in this region and that the HCV EIA-3 has a higher false-positivity rate in this population than has been reported among U.S. blood donors.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiologic agent of post-transfusional hepatitis worldwide 1 and may also be an important cause of community acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis in certain parts of Africa. 2,3 Infection with HCV is usually asymptomatic, but may result in chronic hepatitis with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 4,5 Assays for the detection of antibodies against HCV proteins were developed soon after the viral genome was cloned in 1989. 6 An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) represented an important advance in reducing HCV transmission through blood transfusion. Supplemental tests for detecting antibodies to HCV, such as the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA), have been developed to confirm reactivity detected by the EIA. 7 Studies of volunteer blood donors and general populations have shown considerable geographic variation in HCV seroprevalence:8 0.5-1.5% in western Europe, northern Europe, North America, and Australia; 1.5-2.5% in Japan and the Mediterranean region; and as high as 14% in Egypt. In sub-Saharan Africa, data on the prevalence of HCV are limited and the extent of HCV infection remains unknown in most countries. In this study, we estimated the seroprevalence of HCV in a population-based cross-sectional study in northwest Tanzania. METHODSDuring 1989 and 1990, a population-based study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in northwest Tanzania. The protocol for this study was approved by the appropriate review committees of the Tanzanian Ministry of Health and the National Cancer Institute. The study methods have been described elsewhere. 9 Briefly, the target population consisted of people living in rural, peri-urban (mainly subsistence farmers and their families), and urban areas (commercial workers). Subjects 15-49 years of age were randomly selected from household rosters supplied by the local governmen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus in the general population of northwest Tanzania.

Tess

Levin²,

Brubaker³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…It is perhaps surprising that studies conducted in countries west of Cameroon have not revealed the presence of genotype 4 (Jeannel et al, 1998). Only one study, concerning Nigeria, the closest West African neighbour of Cameroon, has documented the presence of this genotype (Oni & Harrison, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon

Ndjomou

Pybus

Matz

2003

Journal of General Virology

101

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. The genetic diversity and distribution of HCV genotypes in non-Western countries, particularly subSaharan Africa, is poorly documented. This study reports a phylogenetic analysis of core and NS5B gene sequences of 37 HCV strains sampled in Cameroon. A high level of genetic diversity of both genotypes 1 and 4 was found, indicating a unique pattern of long-term HCV infection that has not been observed elsewhere. These results lead to the hypothesis that these HCV genotypes originated and diversified in west Central Africa before spreading to other regions. INTRODUCTIONHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading global cause of liver disease. It is estimated that more than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV and are at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer (WHO, 1997).HCV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, with a genome of 9?7 kb long containing a single ORF. The ORF encodes three structural proteins (including the capsid protein, core) and six non-structural proteins (including the RNA polymerase, NS5B). The ORF is flanked by two NCRs located at the 59 and 39 ends (Choo et al., 1991).HCV is genetically diverse and is classified into six major genotypes, each of which is divided further into several subtypes (Robertson et al., 1998). HCV genotypes differ at more than 30 % of nucleotides across the entire genome, while HCV subtypes vary at more than 20 % of sites (Simmonds, 1995). HCV genotypes show different geographical distributions and levels of diversity, reflecting their different epidemic histories and routes of transmission. HCV isolates from Western countries typically have limited sequence diversity, resulting from the recent introduction of a few strains (such as subtypes 1a, 1b and 3a) from endemic areas. These strains have spread rapidly through infected blood products and intravenous drug use (Pybus et al., 2001). The distribution of HCV genotypes in non-Western countries is less well documented, although small-scale surveys have found considerable sequence diversity of genotypes 1, 2 and 4 in African countries (Xu et al., 1994; Fretz et al., 1995;Ruggieri et al., 1996;Wansbrough-Jones et al., 1998;Jeannel et al., 1998), suggesting that these strains have been endemic to the continent for several hundred years (Smith et al., 1997; Pybus et al., 2001). The investigation of HCV genetic diversity in subSaharan Africa is, therefore, necessary to provide insights into the global epidemiology, epidemic history and origin of HCV. Furthermore, availability of more sequence data from subSaharan Africa may help to refine the HCV classification system.In this work we present a phylogenetic analysis of core and NS5B gene sequences obtained from 37 HCV strains isolated in Cameroon. We show that HCV genotypes 1 and 4 are both highly divergent in Cameroon, indicating the longterm presence of both strains in west Central Africa. This pattern of HCV endemicity i...

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“…Within the genotypes, diversity between isolates can be considerable. This is clearly seen, for example, in genotypes 3 and 4 where up to nine subtypes have so far been identified in each genotype (Bukh, 1995 ;Fretz et al, 1995 ;Mellor et al, 1995 ;Simmonds, 1995 ;Oni & Harrison, 1996). Complete nucleotide sequences have been determined for at least 26 HCV genomes representing genotypes 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a and 3b and the putative genotypes 10a and 11a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Complete nucleotide sequence of a type 4 hepatitis C virus variant, the predominant genotype in the Middle East.

Chamberlain

Adams

Saeed

et al. 1997

Journal of General Virology

176

127

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Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus in the general population of northwest Tanzania.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus in the general population of northwest Tanzania.

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates indicates a unique pattern of endemic infection in Cameroon

Complete nucleotide sequence of a type 4 hepatitis C virus variant, the predominant genotype in the Middle East.

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