Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in vegetables cultivated with organic and chemical fertilizer from street markets and community vegetable gardens in a region of Southern Brazil

Abstract

The molecular technique revealed genotypes with zoonotic potential, evidencing the importance of investigating commercialized vegetables that are consumed raw and establishing a more rigid quality control.

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

“…The PCR amplification and sequencing of specific G. duodenalis genes recovered from contaminated food are also commonly used for the confirmatory detection of this parasite (e.g. [28,39,44]).…”

“…The contamination of vegetables and fruits with G. duodenalis cysts has been reported in many countries (Table 2), and the average prevalence is estimated as 4.8% (276/5739; 95% CI: 4.2-5.4%). In contaminated vegetable and fruit samples, G. duodenalis zoonotic assemblages A and B were commonly detected [23,28,39,44,45].…”

“…of samples tested No. of positive samples (%) Giardia duodenalis assemblages identified ( n ) References Bangladesh Iodine and normal saline wet mount Vegetables 200 2 (1.0) [ 52 ] Brazil PCR Lettuce and chicory 11 2 (18.2) Assemblage BIV (2) [ 39 ] Brazil Immunofluorescence, PCR Arugula 4 2 (50.0) Assemblage AII (2) [ 28 ] Chives 12 1 (8.3) Assemblage AII (1) Crisp lettuce 32 4 (12.5) Assemblage AII (4) Greens collard 24 1 (4.2) Assemblage AI (1) Parsley 12 2 (16.7) Assemblage AII (2) Watercress 12 4 (33.3) Assemblage AII (4) Wild chicory 12 2 (16.7) Assemblage AII (2) Brazil Semi-nested PCR Regular lettuce 60 8 (13.3) Assemblage AI (4); Assemblage B (1); Assemblage E (1); N/D (2) [ ...…”

Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go

“…(21,28,40,43,47,48,49,50,51,52) The most used target in PCR-RFLP was gdh, and sometimes appeared combined with the target βg. (21,43,47,48,49,50,51,52) Only one study used only the βg target for genotyping in PCR-RFLP. (28) In these studies, PCR-RFLP showed a satisfactory result in identifying the assemblages circulating, with the exception of just one study where PCR-RFLP data obtained by sequencing did not determine the assemblage of isolates from samples of humans, dogs and vegetables.…”

“…Paraná Human A (48,49,77) B (48,49,77) Dog B (49) C (49) D (49) Vegetable A (51,62) B (49,51) E (41,51) Water E (41) Soil E (41) Santa Catarina Human A (52) B (52) Dog A ( 52) B ( 52) C (52) Nonhuman primates A (31) Uninformed Jaguar A (32) Monkey B (32) Chinchilla B (32) Ostriches B (32) ents a single study (41) (Table II) (Fig. 3).…”