Genotyping sex in the amphibian, Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis, for endocrine disruptor bioassays

Olmstead, Allen W.; Lindberg-Livingston, Annelie; Degitz, Sigmund J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.01.012

Cited by 45 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…1A) (35). Mating these animals to untreated related males produced 100% male offspring [one clutch from golden and two from (N/IC F1)IC sexreversed males, with 100 phenotypically normal male offspring each], demonstrating that sex-reversed males were not heterogametic (XY), because ♀ (sex-reversed) XY × ♂ XY would result in both male and female offspring.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results are possible only if sex-reversed females are ZW and are consistent with a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system but not a XX/XY system: ♀ ZW × ♂ (sex-reversed) ZW = ♀ ZW + ♀ ZW + ♀ WW + ♂ ZZ. To confirm that one third of the female offspring were WW superfemales, females were genotyped for sex-linked markers (35), and those lacking Z-linked alleles in this family (i.e., WW) were mated with control males. Consistent with a maternal WW genotype, the offspring were all female, indicating that these matings were ♀ WW × ♂ ZZ = ♀ ZW.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it has been proposed that X. tropicalis' sex chromosome system is similar to that of X. laevis (33,35,36), experimental support for this hypothesis is limited. Here we provide the first (to our knowledge) description of the sex chromosome system of X. tropicalis, integrating data from (i) breeding sex-reversed individuals, (ii) gynogenesis (both gynogenetic diploids and completely homozygous double haploids), (iii) triploids, and (iv) crosses among several laboratory strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…These results differ from those reported in ref. 35 using the golden strain and with those described above using sex-reversed golden and (N/IC F1)IC individuals, in which sex determination operated under maternal control in a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system.…”

Section: Inter-and Intrastrain Pairings Confirm Multiple Sex Chromosomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic markers linked to the X. tropicalis sex-determining locus were identified in an amplified fragment-length polymorphism study (35). These markers largely place to sequence scaffolds that genetically map to the short arm of linkage group 7 (chromosome 7) (36,37).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis

Roco

Olmstead

Degitz

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Homomorphic sex chromosomes and rapid turnover of sex-determining genes can complicate establishing the sex chromosome system operating in a given species. This difficulty exists in Xenopus tropicalis, an anuran quickly becoming a relevant model for genetic, genomic, biochemical, and ecotoxicological research. Despite the recent interest attracted by this species, little is known about its sex chromosome system. Direct evidence that females are the heterogametic sex, as in the related species Xenopus laevis, has yet to be presented. Furthermore, X. laevis' sex-determining gene, DM-W, does not exist in X. tropicalis, and the sex chromosomes in the two species are not homologous. Here we identify X. tropicalis' sex chromosome system by integrating data from (i) breeding sex-reversed individuals, (ii) gynogenesis, (iii) triploids, and (iv) crosses among several strains. Our results indicate that at least three different types of sex chromosomes exist: Y, W, and Z, observed in YZ, YW, and ZZ males and in ZW and WW females. Because some combinations of parental sex chromosomes produce unisex offspring and other distorted sex ratios, understanding the sex-determination systems in X. tropicalis is critical for developing this flexible animal model for genetics and ecotoxicology.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Inter-and Intrastrain Pairings Confirm Multiple Sex Chromosomementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis

Roco

Olmstead

Degitz

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Development of Gonads, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal inXenopus

Piprek

Kubiak

2014

Xenopus Development

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Novel sex‐determining genes in fish and sex chromosome evolution

Kikuchi

Hamaguchi

2013

Developmental Dynamics

235

203

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Although the molecular mechanisms underlying many developmental events are conserved across vertebrate taxa, the lability at the top of the sex-determining (SD) cascade has been evident from the fact that four master SD genes have been identified: mammalian Sry; chicken DMRT1; medaka Dmy; and Xenopus laevis DM-W. This diversity is thought to be associated with the turnover of sex chromosomes, which is likely to be more frequent in fishes and other poikilotherms than in therian mammals and birds. Recently, four novel candidates for vertebrate SD genes were reported, all of them in fishes. These include amhy in the Patagonian pejerrey, Gsdf in Oryzias luzonensis, Amhr2 in fugu and sdY in rainbow trout. These studies provide a good opportunity to infer patterns from the seemingly chaotic picture of sex determination systems. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the master SD genes in fishes.

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Genotyping sex in the amphibian, Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis, for endocrine disruptor bioassays

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis

Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis

Development of Gonads, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal inXenopus

Novel sex‐determining genes in fish and sex chromosome evolution

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